Fixed casting and grouping

Adding clamp and lerp functions to standard library

Repl.vcxproj

@@ -71,12 +71,12 @@
   </PropertyGroup>
   <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|x64'">
     <IgnoreImportLibrary>false</IgnoreImportLibrary>
-    <OutDir>$(SolutionDir)out\$(Configuration)\</OutDir>
+    <OutDir>$(SolutionDir)out\</OutDir>
-    <IntDir>$(Platform)\$(ProjectName)\$(Configuration)\</IntDir>
+    <IntDir>$(Platform)\$(Configuration)\$(ProjectName)\</IntDir>
   </PropertyGroup>
   <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|x64'">
-    <OutDir>$(SolutionDir)out\$(Configuration)\</OutDir>
+    <OutDir>$(SolutionDir)out\</OutDir>
-    <IntDir>$(Platform)\$(ProjectName)\$(Configuration)\</IntDir>
+    <IntDir>$(Platform)\$(Configuration)\$(ProjectName)\</IntDir>
   </PropertyGroup>
   <ItemDefinitionGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">
     <ClCompile>
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@
   <ItemDefinitionGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|x64'">
     <Link>
       <AdditionalDependencies>Toy.lib;%(AdditionalDependencies)</AdditionalDependencies>
-      <AdditionalLibraryDirectories>$(SolutionDir)out\$(Configuration)</AdditionalLibraryDirectories>
+      <AdditionalLibraryDirectories>$(SolutionDir)out</AdditionalLibraryDirectories>
     </Link>
     <ClCompile>
       <AdditionalIncludeDirectories>$(SolutionDir)/source;%(AdditionalIncludeDirectories)</AdditionalIncludeDirectories>
@@ -125,30 +125,32 @@
       <AdditionalIncludeDirectories>$(SolutionDir)/source;%(AdditionalIncludeDirectories)</AdditionalIncludeDirectories>
     </ClCompile>
     <Link>
-      <AdditionalLibraryDirectories>$(SolutionDir)out\$(Configuration)</AdditionalLibraryDirectories>
+      <AdditionalLibraryDirectories>$(SolutionDir)out</AdditionalLibraryDirectories>
       <AdditionalDependencies>Toy.lib;%(AdditionalDependencies)</AdditionalDependencies>
     </Link>
   </ItemDefinitionGroup>
-  <ItemGroup>
-    <ClCompile Include="repl\lib_about.c" />
-    <ClCompile Include="repl\lib_random.c" />
-    <ClCompile Include="repl\lib_runner.c" />
-    <ClCompile Include="repl\lib_standard.c" />
-    <ClCompile Include="repl\repl_main.c" />
-    <ClCompile Include="repl\repl_tools.c" />
-  </ItemGroup>
-  <ItemGroup>
-    <ClInclude Include="repl\lib_about.h" />
-    <ClInclude Include="repl\lib_random.h" />
-    <ClInclude Include="repl\lib_runner.h" />
-    <ClInclude Include="repl\lib_standard.h" />
-    <ClInclude Include="repl\repl_tools.h" />
-  </ItemGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
     <ProjectReference Include="Toy.vcxproj">
       <Project>{26360002-cc2a-469a-9b28-ba0c1af41657}</Project>
     </ProjectReference>
   </ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ClCompile Include="repl\drive_system.c" />
+    <ClCompile Include="repl\lib_random.c" />
+    <ClCompile Include="repl\lib_runner.c" />
+    <ClCompile Include="repl\lib_standard.c" />
+    <ClCompile Include="repl\lib_toy_version_info.c" />
+    <ClCompile Include="repl\repl_main.c" />
+    <ClCompile Include="repl\repl_tools.c" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ClInclude Include="repl\drive_system.h" />
+    <ClInclude Include="repl\lib_random.h" />
+    <ClInclude Include="repl\lib_runner.h" />
+    <ClInclude Include="repl\lib_standard.h" />
+    <ClInclude Include="repl\lib_toy_version_info.h" />
+    <ClInclude Include="repl\repl_tools.h" />
+  </ItemGroup>
   <Import Project="$(VCTargetsPath)\Microsoft.Cpp.targets" />
   <ImportGroup Label="ExtensionTargets">
   </ImportGroup>

Toy.vcxproj

@@ -71,12 +71,12 @@
   </PropertyGroup>
   <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|x64'">
     <OutDir>$(SolutionDir)out\</OutDir>
-    <IntDir>$(Platform)\$(Configuration)\</IntDir>
+    <IntDir>$(Platform)\$(Configuration)\$(ProjectName)\</IntDir>
     <LinkIncremental>false</LinkIncremental>
   </PropertyGroup>
   <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Release|x64'">
     <OutDir>$(SolutionDir)out\</OutDir>
-    <IntDir>$(Platform)\$(Configuration)\</IntDir>
+    <IntDir>$(Platform)\$(Configuration)\$(ProjectName)\</IntDir>
     <LinkIncremental>false</LinkIncremental>
   </PropertyGroup>
   <ItemDefinitionGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Debug|Win32'">
@@ -114,8 +114,7 @@
       <LanguageStandard_C>stdc17</LanguageStandard_C>
     </ClCompile>
     <PostBuildEvent>
-      <Command>del "$(OutDir)$(ProjectName).exp"
+      <Command>
-del "$(OutDir)$(ProjectName).pdb"
       </Command>
     </PostBuildEvent>
     <Link>
@@ -131,8 +130,7 @@ del "$(OutDir)$(ProjectName).pdb"
       <PreprocessorDefinitions>TOY_EXPORT;%(PreprocessorDefinitions)</PreprocessorDefinitions>
     </ClCompile>
     <PostBuildEvent>
-      <Command>del "$(OutDir)$(ProjectName).exp"
+      <Command>
-del "$(OutDir)$(ProjectName).pdb"
       </Command>
     </PostBuildEvent>
     <Link>
@@ -147,7 +145,6 @@ del "$(OutDir)$(ProjectName).pdb"
     <ClCompile Include="source\toy_builtin.c" />
     <ClCompile Include="source\toy_common.c" />
     <ClCompile Include="source\toy_compiler.c" />
-    <ClCompile Include="source\toy_drive_system.c" />
     <ClCompile Include="source\toy_interpreter.c" />
     <ClCompile Include="source\toy_keyword_types.c" />
     <ClCompile Include="source\toy_lexer.c" />
@@ -167,7 +164,6 @@ del "$(OutDir)$(ProjectName).pdb"
     <ClInclude Include="source\toy_common.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="source\toy_compiler.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="source\toy_console_colors.h" />
-    <ClInclude Include="source\toy_drive_system.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="source\toy_interpreter.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="source\toy_keyword_types.h" />
     <ClInclude Include="source\toy_lexer.h" />

repl/drive_system.c

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include "toy_drive_system.h"
+#include "drive_system.h"
 
 #include "toy_memory.h"
 #include "toy_literal_dictionary.h"
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ void Toy_freeDriveSystem() {
 	Toy_freeLiteralDictionary(&driveDictionary);
 }
 
-TOY_API void Toy_setDrivePath(char* drive, char* path) {
+void Toy_setDrivePath(char* drive, char* path) {
 	Toy_Literal driveLiteral = TOY_TO_STRING_LITERAL(Toy_createRefString(drive));
 	Toy_Literal pathLiteral = TOY_TO_STRING_LITERAL(Toy_createRefString(path));
 

repl/drive_system.h

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 #pragma once
 
 /*!
-# toy_drive_system.h
+# drive_system.h
 
-When accessing the file system through toy (such as with the runner library), it's best practice to utilize Toy's built-in drive system - this system (tries to) prevent malicious accessing of files outside of the designated folders. It does this by causing an error when a script tries to access a parent directory.
+When accessing the file system through Toy (such as with the runner library), it's best practice to utilize the drive system - this system (tries to) prevent malicious accessing of files outside of the designated folders. It does this by causing an error when a script tries to access a parent directory.
 
 To use the drive system, first you must designate specific folders which can be accessed, like so:
 
 ```c
-#include "toy_drive_system.h"
+#include "drive_system.h"
 
 int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
 	//the drive system uses a LiteralDictionary, which must be initialized with this

repl/lib_about.h

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "toy_interpreter.h"
-
-int Toy_hookAbout(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_Literal identifier, Toy_Literal alias);

repl/lib_runner.c

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 #include "lib_runner.h"
 
 #include "toy_memory.h"
-#include "toy_drive_system.h"
 #include "toy_interpreter.h"
 
 #include "repl_tools.h"
+#include "drive_system.h"
 
 #include <stdlib.h>
 

repl/lib_standard.c

@@ -47,11 +47,6 @@ static int nativeHash(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* arguments)
 		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteralIdn);
 	}
 
-	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(selfLiteral)) {
-		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
 	Toy_Literal result = TOY_TO_INTEGER_LITERAL(Toy_hashLiteral(selfLiteral));
 
 	Toy_pushLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack, result);
@@ -77,11 +72,6 @@ static int nativeAbs(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* arguments)
 		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteralIdn);
 	}
 
-	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(selfLiteral)) {
-		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
 	if (!(TOY_IS_INTEGER(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_FLOAT(selfLiteral))) {
 		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to abs\n");
 		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
@@ -120,11 +110,6 @@ static int nativeCeil(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* arguments)
 		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteralIdn);
 	}
 
-	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(selfLiteral)) {
-		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
 	if (!(TOY_IS_INTEGER(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_FLOAT(selfLiteral))) {
 		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to ceil\n");
 		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
@@ -164,11 +149,6 @@ static int nativeFloor(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* arguments
 		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteralIdn);
 	}
 
-	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(selfLiteral)) {
-		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
 	if (!(TOY_IS_INTEGER(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_FLOAT(selfLiteral))) {
 		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to floor\n");
 		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
@@ -208,11 +188,6 @@ static int nativeMax(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* arguments)
 			Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteralIdn);
 		}
 
-		if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(selfLiteral)) {
-			Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
-			return -1;
-		}
-
 		if (!(TOY_IS_INTEGER(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_FLOAT(selfLiteral))) {
 			interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to max\n");
 			Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
@@ -227,11 +202,11 @@ static int nativeMax(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* arguments)
 
 		//cooerce if needed
 		if (TOY_IS_INTEGER(resultLiteral) && TOY_IS_FLOAT(selfLiteral)) {
-			resultLiteral = TOY_TO_FLOAT_LITERAL( TOY_AS_INTEGER(resultLiteral) );
+			resultLiteral = TOY_TO_FLOAT_LITERAL( (float)TOY_AS_INTEGER(resultLiteral) );
 		}
 
 		if (TOY_IS_FLOAT(resultLiteral) && TOY_IS_INTEGER(selfLiteral)) {
-			selfLiteral = TOY_TO_FLOAT_LITERAL( TOY_AS_INTEGER(selfLiteral) );
+			selfLiteral = TOY_TO_FLOAT_LITERAL( (float)TOY_AS_INTEGER(selfLiteral) );
 		}
 
 		//compare
@@ -269,11 +244,6 @@ static int nativeMin(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* arguments)
 			Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteralIdn);
 		}
 
-		if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(selfLiteral)) {
-			Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
-			return -1;
-		}
-
 		if (!(TOY_IS_INTEGER(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_FLOAT(selfLiteral))) {
 			interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to min\n");
 			Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
@@ -288,11 +258,11 @@ static int nativeMin(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* arguments)
 
 		//cooerce if needed
 		if (TOY_IS_INTEGER(resultLiteral) && TOY_IS_FLOAT(selfLiteral)) {
-			resultLiteral = TOY_TO_FLOAT_LITERAL( TOY_AS_INTEGER(resultLiteral) );
+			resultLiteral = TOY_TO_FLOAT_LITERAL( (float)TOY_AS_INTEGER(resultLiteral) );
 		}
 
 		if (TOY_IS_FLOAT(resultLiteral) && TOY_IS_INTEGER(selfLiteral)) {
-			selfLiteral = TOY_TO_FLOAT_LITERAL( TOY_AS_INTEGER(selfLiteral) );
+			selfLiteral = TOY_TO_FLOAT_LITERAL( (float)TOY_AS_INTEGER(selfLiteral) );
 		}
 
 		//compare
@@ -330,11 +300,6 @@ static int nativeRound(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* arguments
 		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteralIdn);
 	}
 
-	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(selfLiteral)) {
-		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
 	if (!(TOY_IS_INTEGER(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_FLOAT(selfLiteral))) {
 		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to round\n");
 		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
@@ -365,6 +330,259 @@ static int nativeRound(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* arguments
 	return 1;
 }
 
+static int nativeSign(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* arguments) {
+	if (arguments->count != 1) {
+		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect number of arguments to sign\n");
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	//get the self
+	Toy_Literal selfLiteral = Toy_popLiteralArray(arguments);
+
+	//parse to value if needed
+	Toy_Literal selfLiteralIdn = selfLiteral;
+	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(selfLiteral) && Toy_parseIdentifierToValue(interpreter, &selfLiteral)) {
+		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteralIdn);
+	}
+
+	if (!(TOY_IS_INTEGER(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_FLOAT(selfLiteral))) {
+		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to sign\n");
+		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	Toy_Literal resultLiteral = TOY_TO_NULL_LITERAL;
+
+	if (TOY_IS_INTEGER(selfLiteral)) {
+		if (TOY_AS_INTEGER(selfLiteral) < 0) {
+			resultLiteral = TOY_TO_INTEGER_LITERAL(-1);
+		}
+		else {
+			resultLiteral = TOY_TO_INTEGER_LITERAL(1);
+		}
+	}
+	if (TOY_IS_FLOAT(selfLiteral)) {
+		if (TOY_AS_FLOAT(selfLiteral) < 0) {
+			resultLiteral = TOY_TO_INTEGER_LITERAL(-1);
+		}
+		else {
+			resultLiteral = TOY_TO_INTEGER_LITERAL(1);
+		}
+	}
+
+	Toy_pushLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack, resultLiteral);
+
+	Toy_freeLiteral(resultLiteral);
+	Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
+
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static int nativeNormalize(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* arguments) {
+	//NOTE: this is identical to `sign`, except it returns 0 when the argument is 0.
+	if (arguments->count != 1) {
+		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect number of arguments to normalize\n");
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	//get the self
+	Toy_Literal selfLiteral = Toy_popLiteralArray(arguments);
+
+	//parse to value if needed
+	Toy_Literal selfLiteralIdn = selfLiteral;
+	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(selfLiteral) && Toy_parseIdentifierToValue(interpreter, &selfLiteral)) {
+		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteralIdn);
+	}
+
+	if (!(TOY_IS_INTEGER(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_FLOAT(selfLiteral))) {
+		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to normalize\n");
+		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	Toy_Literal resultLiteral = TOY_TO_NULL_LITERAL;
+
+	if (TOY_IS_INTEGER(selfLiteral)) {
+		if (TOY_AS_INTEGER(selfLiteral) < 0) {
+			resultLiteral = TOY_TO_INTEGER_LITERAL(-1);
+		}
+		else if (TOY_AS_INTEGER(selfLiteral) > 0) {
+			resultLiteral = TOY_TO_INTEGER_LITERAL(1);
+		}
+		else {
+			resultLiteral = TOY_TO_INTEGER_LITERAL(0);
+		}
+	}
+	if (TOY_IS_FLOAT(selfLiteral)) {
+		if (TOY_AS_FLOAT(selfLiteral) < 0) {
+			resultLiteral = TOY_TO_INTEGER_LITERAL(-1);
+		}
+		else if (TOY_AS_FLOAT(selfLiteral) > 0) {
+			resultLiteral = TOY_TO_INTEGER_LITERAL(1);
+		}
+		else {
+			resultLiteral = TOY_TO_INTEGER_LITERAL(0);
+		}
+	}
+
+	Toy_pushLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack, resultLiteral);
+
+	Toy_freeLiteral(resultLiteral);
+	Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
+
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static int nativeClamp(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* arguments) {
+	if (arguments->count != 3) {
+		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect number of arguments to clamp\n");
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	//get the arguments
+	Toy_Literal maxLiteral = Toy_popLiteralArray(arguments);
+	Toy_Literal minLiteral = Toy_popLiteralArray(arguments);
+	Toy_Literal valueLiteral = Toy_popLiteralArray(arguments);
+
+	//parse the arguments (if they're identifiers)
+	Toy_Literal valueLiteralIdn = valueLiteral;
+	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(valueLiteral) && Toy_parseIdentifierToValue(interpreter, &valueLiteral)) {
+		Toy_freeLiteral(valueLiteralIdn);
+	}
+
+	Toy_Literal minLiteralIdn = minLiteral;
+	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(minLiteral) && Toy_parseIdentifierToValue(interpreter, &minLiteral)) {
+		Toy_freeLiteral(minLiteralIdn);
+	}
+
+	Toy_Literal maxLiteralIdn = maxLiteral;
+	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(maxLiteral) && Toy_parseIdentifierToValue(interpreter, &maxLiteral)) {
+		Toy_freeLiteral(maxLiteralIdn);
+	}
+
+	//check the types
+	if (!(TOY_IS_INTEGER(valueLiteral) || TOY_IS_FLOAT(valueLiteral))) {
+		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to clamp\n");
+		Toy_freeLiteral(valueLiteral);
+		Toy_freeLiteral(minLiteral);
+		Toy_freeLiteral(maxLiteral);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (!(TOY_IS_INTEGER(minLiteral) || TOY_IS_FLOAT(minLiteral))) {
+		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to clamp\n");
+		Toy_freeLiteral(valueLiteral);
+		Toy_freeLiteral(minLiteral);
+		Toy_freeLiteral(maxLiteral);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (!(TOY_IS_INTEGER(maxLiteral) || TOY_IS_FLOAT(maxLiteral))) {
+		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to clamp\n");
+		Toy_freeLiteral(valueLiteral);
+		Toy_freeLiteral(minLiteral);
+		Toy_freeLiteral(maxLiteral);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	// cast ints to floats to handle all types of numbers
+	float value = TOY_IS_INTEGER(valueLiteral)? TOY_AS_INTEGER(valueLiteral) : TOY_AS_FLOAT(valueLiteral);
+	float min = TOY_IS_INTEGER(minLiteral)? TOY_AS_INTEGER(minLiteral) : TOY_AS_FLOAT(minLiteral);
+	float max = TOY_IS_INTEGER(maxLiteral)? TOY_AS_INTEGER(maxLiteral) : TOY_AS_FLOAT(maxLiteral);
+
+	//determine which literal to return (this way, we retain the original type)
+	if (min > value) {
+		Toy_pushLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack, minLiteral);
+	}
+
+	else if (max < value) {
+		Toy_pushLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack, maxLiteral);
+	}
+
+	else {
+		Toy_pushLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack, valueLiteral);
+	}
+
+	Toy_freeLiteral(valueLiteral);
+	Toy_freeLiteral(minLiteral);
+	Toy_freeLiteral(maxLiteral);
+
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static int nativeLerp(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* arguments) {
+	if (arguments->count != 3) {
+		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect number of arguments to lerp\n");
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	//get the arguments
+	Toy_Literal amountLiteral = Toy_popLiteralArray(arguments);
+	Toy_Literal endLiteral = Toy_popLiteralArray(arguments);
+	Toy_Literal startLiteral = Toy_popLiteralArray(arguments);
+
+	//parse the arguments (if they're identifiers)
+	Toy_Literal startLiteralIdn = startLiteral;
+	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(startLiteral) && Toy_parseIdentifierToValue(interpreter, &startLiteral)) {
+		Toy_freeLiteral(startLiteralIdn);
+	}
+
+	Toy_Literal endLiteralIdn = endLiteral;
+	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(endLiteral) && Toy_parseIdentifierToValue(interpreter, &endLiteral)) {
+		Toy_freeLiteral(endLiteralIdn);
+	}
+
+	Toy_Literal amountLiteralIdn = amountLiteral;
+	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(amountLiteral) && Toy_parseIdentifierToValue(interpreter, &amountLiteral)) {
+		Toy_freeLiteral(amountLiteralIdn);
+	}
+
+	//check the argument types
+	if (!(TOY_IS_INTEGER(startLiteral) || TOY_IS_FLOAT(startLiteral))) {
+		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to lerp\n");
+		Toy_freeLiteral(startLiteral);
+		Toy_freeLiteral(endLiteral);
+		Toy_freeLiteral(amountLiteral);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (!(TOY_IS_INTEGER(endLiteral) || TOY_IS_FLOAT(endLiteral))) {
+		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to lerp\n");
+		Toy_freeLiteral(startLiteral);
+		Toy_freeLiteral(endLiteral);
+		Toy_freeLiteral(amountLiteral);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (!(TOY_IS_INTEGER(amountLiteral) || TOY_IS_FLOAT(amountLiteral))) {
+		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to lerp\n");
+		Toy_freeLiteral(startLiteral);
+		Toy_freeLiteral(endLiteral);
+		Toy_freeLiteral(amountLiteral);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	// cast ints to floats to handle all types of numbers
+	float start = TOY_IS_INTEGER(startLiteral)? TOY_AS_INTEGER(startLiteral) : TOY_AS_FLOAT(startLiteral);
+	float end = TOY_IS_INTEGER(endLiteral)? TOY_AS_INTEGER(endLiteral) : TOY_AS_FLOAT(endLiteral);
+	float amount = TOY_IS_INTEGER(amountLiteral)? TOY_AS_INTEGER(amountLiteral) : TOY_AS_FLOAT(amountLiteral);
+
+	//calculate the result
+	float result = start + amount * (end - start);
+
+	//return the result
+	Toy_Literal resultLiteral = TOY_TO_FLOAT_LITERAL(result);
+	Toy_pushLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack, resultLiteral);
+
+	//cleanup
+	Toy_freeLiteral(resultLiteral);
+	Toy_freeLiteral(startLiteral);
+	Toy_freeLiteral(endLiteral);
+	Toy_freeLiteral(amountLiteral);
+	
+	return 1;
+}
+
 static int nativeConcat(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* arguments) {
 	//no arguments
 	if (arguments->count != 2) {
@@ -387,12 +605,6 @@ static int nativeConcat(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* argument
 		Toy_freeLiteral(otherLiteralIdn);
 	}
 
-	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(otherLiteral)) {
-		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
-		Toy_freeLiteral(otherLiteral);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
 	//for each self type
 	if (TOY_IS_ARRAY(selfLiteral)) {
 		if (!TOY_IS_ARRAY(otherLiteral)) {
@@ -503,12 +715,6 @@ static int nativeContainsKey(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* arg
 		Toy_freeLiteral(keyLiteralIdn);
 	}
 
-	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(keyLiteral)) {
-		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
-		Toy_freeLiteral(keyLiteral);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
 	//check type
 	if (!(/* TOY_IS_ARRAY(selfLiteral) || */ TOY_IS_DICTIONARY(selfLiteral) )) {
 		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to containsKey\n");
@@ -554,12 +760,6 @@ static int nativeContainsValue(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* a
 		Toy_freeLiteral(valueLiteralIdn);
 	}
 
-	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(valueLiteral)) {
-		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
-		Toy_freeLiteral(valueLiteral);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
 	//check type
 	if (!( TOY_IS_ARRAY(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_DICTIONARY(selfLiteral) )) {
 		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to containsValue\n");
@@ -630,12 +830,6 @@ static int nativeEvery(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* arguments
 		Toy_freeLiteral(fnLiteralIdn);
 	}
 
-	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(fnLiteral)) {
-		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
-		Toy_freeLiteral(fnLiteral);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
 	//check type
 	if (!( TOY_IS_ARRAY(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_DICTIONARY(selfLiteral) ) || !( TOY_IS_FUNCTION(fnLiteral) || TOY_IS_FUNCTION_NATIVE(fnLiteral) )) {
 		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to every\n");
@@ -752,12 +946,6 @@ static int nativeFilter(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* argument
 		Toy_freeLiteral(fnLiteralIdn);
 	}
 
-	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(fnLiteral)) {
-		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
-		Toy_freeLiteral(fnLiteral);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
 	//check type
 	if (!( TOY_IS_ARRAY(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_DICTIONARY(selfLiteral) ) || !( TOY_IS_FUNCTION(fnLiteral) || TOY_IS_FUNCTION_NATIVE(fnLiteral) )) {
 		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to filter\n");
@@ -872,12 +1060,6 @@ static int nativeForEach(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* argumen
 		Toy_freeLiteral(fnLiteralIdn);
 	}
 
-	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(fnLiteral)) {
-		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
-		Toy_freeLiteral(fnLiteral);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
 	//check type
 	if (!( TOY_IS_ARRAY(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_DICTIONARY(selfLiteral) ) || !( TOY_IS_FUNCTION(fnLiteral) || TOY_IS_FUNCTION_NATIVE(fnLiteral) )) {
 		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to forEach\n");
@@ -950,11 +1132,6 @@ static int nativeGetKeys(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* argumen
 		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteralIdn);
 	}
 
-	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(selfLiteral)) {
-		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
 	//check type
 	if (!TOY_IS_DICTIONARY(selfLiteral)) {
 		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to getKeys\n");
@@ -1000,11 +1177,6 @@ static int nativeGetValues(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* argum
 		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteralIdn);
 	}
 
-	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(selfLiteral)) {
-		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
 	//check type
 	if (!TOY_IS_DICTIONARY(selfLiteral)) {
 		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to getValues\n");
@@ -1057,12 +1229,6 @@ static int nativeIndexOf(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* argumen
 		Toy_freeLiteral(valueLiteralIdn);
 	}
 
-	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(valueLiteral)) {
-		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
-		Toy_freeLiteral(valueLiteral);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
 	//check type
 	if (!TOY_IS_ARRAY(selfLiteral)) {
 		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to indexOf\n");
@@ -1110,12 +1276,6 @@ static int nativeMap(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* arguments)
 		Toy_freeLiteral(fnLiteralIdn);
 	}
 
-	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(fnLiteral)) {
-		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
-		Toy_freeLiteral(fnLiteral);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
 	//check type
 	if (!( TOY_IS_ARRAY(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_DICTIONARY(selfLiteral) ) || !( TOY_IS_FUNCTION(fnLiteral) || TOY_IS_FUNCTION_NATIVE(fnLiteral) )) {
 		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to map\n");
@@ -1225,13 +1385,6 @@ static int nativeReduce(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* argument
 		Toy_freeLiteral(fnLiteralIdn);
 	}
 
-	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(defaultLiteral) || TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(fnLiteral)) {
-		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
-		Toy_freeLiteral(defaultLiteral);
-		Toy_freeLiteral(fnLiteral);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
 	//check type
 	if (!( TOY_IS_ARRAY(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_DICTIONARY(selfLiteral) ) || !( TOY_IS_FUNCTION(fnLiteral) || TOY_IS_FUNCTION_NATIVE(fnLiteral) )) {
 		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to reduce\n");
@@ -1327,12 +1480,6 @@ static int nativeSome(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_LiteralArray* arguments)
 		Toy_freeLiteral(fnLiteralIdn);
 	}
 
-	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(fnLiteral)) {
-		Toy_freeLiteral(selfLiteral);
-		Toy_freeLiteral(fnLiteral);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
 	//check type
 	if (!( TOY_IS_ARRAY(selfLiteral) || TOY_IS_DICTIONARY(selfLiteral) ) || !( TOY_IS_FUNCTION(fnLiteral) || TOY_IS_FUNCTION_NATIVE(fnLiteral) )) {
 		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect argument type passed to some\n");
@@ -1997,6 +2144,10 @@ int Toy_hookStandard(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_Literal identifier, Toy_L
 		{"max", nativeMax},
 		{"min", nativeMin},
 		{"round", nativeRound},
+		{"sign", nativeSign},
+		{"normalize", nativeNormalize},
+		{"clamp", nativeClamp},
+		{"lerp", nativeLerp},
 
 		//compound utils
 		{"concat", nativeConcat}, //array, dictionary, string

repl/lib_toy_version_info.c

@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
-#include "lib_about.h"
+#include "lib_toy_version_info.h"
 
 #include "toy_memory.h"
 
-int Toy_hookAbout(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_Literal identifier, Toy_Literal alias) {
+int Toy_hookToyVersionInfo(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_Literal identifier, Toy_Literal alias) {
-	//the about keys
+	//the info keys
 	Toy_Literal majorKeyLiteral = TOY_TO_STRING_LITERAL(Toy_createRefString("major"));
 	Toy_Literal minorKeyLiteral = TOY_TO_STRING_LITERAL(Toy_createRefString("minor"));
 	Toy_Literal patchKeyLiteral = TOY_TO_STRING_LITERAL(Toy_createRefString("patch"));
 	Toy_Literal buildKeyLiteral = TOY_TO_STRING_LITERAL(Toy_createRefString("build"));
 	Toy_Literal authorKeyLiteral = TOY_TO_STRING_LITERAL(Toy_createRefString("author"));
 
-	//the about identifiers
+	//the info identifiers
 	Toy_Literal majorIdentifierLiteral = TOY_TO_IDENTIFIER_LITERAL(Toy_createRefString("major"));
 	Toy_Literal minorIdentifierLiteral = TOY_TO_IDENTIFIER_LITERAL(Toy_createRefString("minor"));
 	Toy_Literal patchIdentifierLiteral = TOY_TO_IDENTIFIER_LITERAL(Toy_createRefString("patch"));
 	Toy_Literal buildIdentifierLiteral = TOY_TO_IDENTIFIER_LITERAL(Toy_createRefString("build"));
 	Toy_Literal authorIdentifierLiteral = TOY_TO_IDENTIFIER_LITERAL(Toy_createRefString("author"));
 
-	//the about values
+	//the info values
 	Toy_Literal majorLiteral = TOY_TO_INTEGER_LITERAL(TOY_VERSION_MAJOR);
 	Toy_Literal minorLiteral = TOY_TO_INTEGER_LITERAL(TOY_VERSION_MINOR);
 	Toy_Literal patchLiteral = TOY_TO_INTEGER_LITERAL(TOY_VERSION_PATCH);

repl/lib_toy_version_info.h

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "toy_interpreter.h"
+
+int Toy_hookToyVersionInfo(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_Literal identifier, Toy_Literal alias);

repl/repl_main.c

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "repl_tools.h"
-#include "lib_about.h"
+#include "drive_system.h"
+#include "lib_toy_version_info.h"
 #include "lib_standard.h"
 #include "lib_random.h"
 #include "lib_runner.h"
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ void repl(const char* initialInput) {
 	Toy_initInterpreter(&interpreter);
 
 	//inject the libs
-	Toy_injectNativeHook(&interpreter, "about", Toy_hookAbout);
+	Toy_injectNativeHook(&interpreter, "toy_version_info", Toy_hookToyVersionInfo);
 	Toy_injectNativeHook(&interpreter, "standard", Toy_hookStandard);
 	Toy_injectNativeHook(&interpreter, "random", Toy_hookRandom);
 	Toy_injectNativeHook(&interpreter, "runner", Toy_hookRunner);

repl/repl_tools.c

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #include "repl_tools.h"
-#include "lib_about.h"
+#include "lib_toy_version_info.h"
 #include "lib_standard.h"
 #include "lib_random.h"
 #include "lib_runner.h"
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ void Toy_runBinary(const unsigned char* tb, size_t size) {
 	Toy_initInterpreter(&interpreter);
 
 	//inject the libs
-	Toy_injectNativeHook(&interpreter, "about", Toy_hookAbout);
+	Toy_injectNativeHook(&interpreter, "toy_version_info", Toy_hookToyVersionInfo);
 	Toy_injectNativeHook(&interpreter, "standard", Toy_hookStandard);
 	Toy_injectNativeHook(&interpreter, "random", Toy_hookRandom);
 	Toy_injectNativeHook(&interpreter, "runner", Toy_hookRunner);
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ static unsigned char readByte(const unsigned char* tb, int* count) {
 
 static const char* readString(const unsigned char* tb, int* count) {
 	const unsigned char* ret = tb + *count;
-	*count += strlen((char*)ret) + 1; //+1 for null character
+	*count += (int)strlen((char*)ret) + 1; //+1 for null character
 	return (const char*)ret;
 }
 

repl/repl_tools.h

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ const unsigned char* Toy_compileString(const char* source, size_t* size);
 
 This function takes a bytecode array of `size` size, and executes it. The libraries available to the code are currently:
 
-* lib_about
+* lib_toy_version_info
 * lib_standard
 * lib_random
 * lib_runner

source/makefile

@@ -11,14 +11,14 @@ OBJ = $(addprefix $(ODIR)/,$(SRC:.c=.o))
 OUTNAME=toy
 
 ifeq ($(findstring CYGWIN, $(shell uname)),CYGWIN)
-	LIBLINE =-Wl,--out-implib=../$(TOY_OUTDIR)/lib$(OUTNAME).dll.a -Wl,--export-all-symbols -Wl,--enable-auto-import -Wl,--whole-archive $(OBJ) -Wl,--no-whole-archive
+	LIBLINE=-Wl,-rpath,. -Wl,--out-implib=../$(TOY_OUTDIR)/lib$(OUTNAME).dll.a -Wl,--export-all-symbols -Wl,--enable-auto-import -Wl,--whole-archive $(OBJ) -Wl,--no-whole-archive
 	OUT=../$(TOY_OUTDIR)/$(OUTNAME).dll
 else ifeq ($(shell uname),Linux)
-	LIBLINE=-Wl,--out-implib=../$(TOY_OUTDIR)/lib$(OUTNAME).a -Wl,--whole-archive $(OBJ) -Wl,--no-whole-archive
+	LIBLINE=-Wl,-rpath,. -Wl,--out-implib=../$(TOY_OUTDIR)/lib$(OUTNAME).a -Wl,--whole-archive $(OBJ) -Wl,--no-whole-archive
 	OUT=../$(TOY_OUTDIR)/lib$(OUTNAME).so
 	CFLAGS += -fPIC
 else ifeq ($(OS),Windows_NT)
-	LIBLINE =-Wl,--out-implib=../$(TOY_OUTDIR)/lib$(OUTNAME).dll.a -Wl,--export-all-symbols -Wl,--enable-auto-import -Wl,--whole-archive $(OBJ) -Wl,--no-whole-archive
+	LIBLINE=-Wl,-rpath,. -Wl,--out-implib=../$(TOY_OUTDIR)/lib$(OUTNAME).dll.a -Wl,--export-all-symbols -Wl,--enable-auto-import -Wl,--whole-archive $(OBJ) -Wl,--no-whole-archive
 	OUT=../$(TOY_OUTDIR)/$(OUTNAME).dll
 else ifeq ($(shell uname),Darwin)
 	LIBLINE = $(OBJ)

source/toy.h

@@ -17,13 +17,11 @@ The most important macro is `TOY_API`, which specifies functions intended for th
 * [toy_common.h](toy_common_h.md)
 * [toy_console_colors.h](toy_console_colors_h.md)
 * [toy_memory.h](toy_memory_h.md)
-* [toy_drive_system.h](toy_drive_system_h.md)
 !*/
 
 #include "toy_common.h"
 #include "toy_console_colors.h"
 #include "toy_memory.h"
-#include "toy_drive_system.h"
 
 /*!
 ## Core Pipeline

source/toy_common.h

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ The current patch version of Toy. This value is embedded into the bytecode.
 This value MUST fit into an unsigned char.
 !*/
 
-#define TOY_VERSION_PATCH 0
+#define TOY_VERSION_PATCH 1
 
 /*!
 ### TOY_VERSION_BUILD

source/toy_interpreter.c

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
+//printing utilities
 static void printWrapper(const char* output) {
 	//allow for disabling of newlines in the repl
 #ifndef TOY_EXPORT
@@ -33,6 +34,19 @@ static void errorWrapper(const char* output) {
 	fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "%s" TOY_CC_RESET, output); //no newline
 }
 
+void Toy_setInterpreterPrint(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_PrintFn printOutput) {
+	interpreter->printOutput = printOutput;
+}
+
+void Toy_setInterpreterAssert(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_PrintFn assertOutput) {
+	interpreter->assertOutput = assertOutput;
+}
+
+void Toy_setInterpreterError(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_PrintFn errorOutput) {
+	interpreter->errorOutput = errorOutput;
+}
+
+//injection utilities
 bool Toy_injectNativeFn(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, const char* name, Toy_NativeFn func) {
 	//reject reserved words
 	if (Toy_findTypeByKeyword(name) != TOY_TOKEN_EOF) {
@@ -42,19 +56,21 @@ bool Toy_injectNativeFn(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, const char* name, Toy_Nati
 
 	Toy_Literal identifier = TOY_TO_IDENTIFIER_LITERAL(Toy_createRefString(name));
 
-	//make sure the name isn't taken
+	//make sure the name isn't taken (manually to skip the scope chain)
 	if (Toy_existsLiteralDictionary(&interpreter->scope->variables, identifier)) {
 		interpreter->errorOutput("Can't override an existing variable\n");
+		Toy_freeLiteral(identifier);
 		return false;
 	}
 
 	Toy_Literal fn = TOY_TO_FUNCTION_NATIVE_LITERAL(func);
 	Toy_Literal type = TOY_TO_TYPE_LITERAL(fn.type, true);
 
-	Toy_setLiteralDictionary(&interpreter->scope->variables, identifier, fn);
+	Toy_declareScopeVariable(interpreter->scope, identifier, type);
-	Toy_setLiteralDictionary(&interpreter->scope->types, identifier, type);
+	Toy_setScopeVariable(interpreter->scope, identifier, fn, false);
 
 	Toy_freeLiteral(identifier);
+	Toy_freeLiteral(fn);
 	Toy_freeLiteral(type);
 
 	return true;
@@ -67,12 +83,12 @@ bool Toy_injectNativeHook(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, const char* name, Toy_Ho
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	int identifierLength = strlen(name);
+	Toy_Literal identifier = TOY_TO_IDENTIFIER_LITERAL(Toy_createRefString(name));
-	Toy_Literal identifier = TOY_TO_IDENTIFIER_LITERAL(Toy_createRefStringLength(name, identifierLength));
 
 	//make sure the name isn't taken
 	if (Toy_existsLiteralDictionary(interpreter->hooks, identifier)) {
 		interpreter->errorOutput("Can't override an existing hook\n");
+		Toy_freeLiteral(identifier);
 		return false;
 	}
 
@@ -80,11 +96,27 @@ bool Toy_injectNativeHook(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, const char* name, Toy_Ho
 	Toy_setLiteralDictionary(interpreter->hooks, identifier, fn);
 
 	Toy_freeLiteral(identifier);
+	Toy_freeLiteral(fn);
 
 	return true;
 }
 
-void Toy_parseCompoundToPureValues(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_Literal* literalPtr) {
+//parsing to value utilities
+bool Toy_parseIdentifierToValue(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_Literal* literalPtr) {
+	//this converts identifiers to values
+	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(*literalPtr)) {
+		if (!Toy_getScopeVariable(interpreter->scope, *literalPtr, literalPtr)) {
+			interpreter->errorOutput("Undeclared variable ");
+			Toy_printLiteralCustom(*literalPtr, interpreter->errorOutput);
+			interpreter->errorOutput("\n");
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+void Toy_parseCompoundToValue(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_Literal* literalPtr) {
 	//parse out an array
 	if (TOY_IS_ARRAY(*literalPtr)) {
 		for (int i = 0; i < TOY_AS_ARRAY(*literalPtr)->count; i++) {
@@ -105,7 +137,7 @@ void Toy_parseCompoundToPureValues(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_Literal* li
 
 			//recurse on sub-compounds
 			if (TOY_IS_ARRAY(TOY_AS_ARRAY(*literalPtr)->literals[i]) || TOY_IS_DICTIONARY(TOY_AS_ARRAY(*literalPtr)->literals[i])) {
-				Toy_parseCompoundToPureValues(interpreter, &TOY_AS_ARRAY(*literalPtr)->literals[i]);
+				Toy_parseCompoundToValue(interpreter, &TOY_AS_ARRAY(*literalPtr)->literals[i]);
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -122,11 +154,11 @@ void Toy_parseCompoundToPureValues(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_Literal* li
 
 			//recurse on sub-compounds
 			if (TOY_IS_ARRAY(TOY_AS_DICTIONARY(*literalPtr)->entries[i].key) || TOY_IS_DICTIONARY(TOY_AS_DICTIONARY(*literalPtr)->entries[i].key)) {
-				Toy_parseCompoundToPureValues(interpreter, &TOY_AS_DICTIONARY(*literalPtr)->entries[i].key);
+				Toy_parseCompoundToValue(interpreter, &TOY_AS_DICTIONARY(*literalPtr)->entries[i].key);
 			}
 
 			if (TOY_IS_ARRAY(TOY_AS_DICTIONARY(*literalPtr)->entries[i].value) || TOY_IS_DICTIONARY(TOY_AS_DICTIONARY(*literalPtr)->entries[i].value)) {
-				Toy_parseCompoundToPureValues(interpreter, &TOY_AS_DICTIONARY(*literalPtr)->entries[i].value);
+				Toy_parseCompoundToValue(interpreter, &TOY_AS_DICTIONARY(*literalPtr)->entries[i].value);
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -159,14 +191,14 @@ void Toy_parseCompoundToPureValues(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_Literal* li
 				Toy_parseIdentifierToValue(interpreter, &key);
 			}
 			if (TOY_IS_ARRAY(key) || TOY_IS_DICTIONARY(key)) {
-				Toy_parseCompoundToPureValues(interpreter, &key);
+				Toy_parseCompoundToValue(interpreter, &key);
 			}
 
 			if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(value)) {
 				Toy_parseIdentifierToValue(interpreter, &value);
 			}
 			if (TOY_IS_ARRAY(value) || TOY_IS_DICTIONARY(value)) {
-				Toy_parseCompoundToPureValues(interpreter, &value);
+				Toy_parseCompoundToValue(interpreter, &value);
 			}
 
 			Toy_setLiteralDictionary(ret, key, value);
@@ -181,38 +213,29 @@ void Toy_parseCompoundToPureValues(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_Literal* li
 	}
 }
 
-bool Toy_parseIdentifierToValue(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_Literal* literalPtr) {
+void parseTypeToValue(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_Literal* literalPtr) {
-	//this converts identifiers to values
+	//if an identifier is embedded in the type, figure out what it is
-	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(*literalPtr)) {
+	Toy_Literal idn = *literalPtr;
-		if (!Toy_getScopeVariable(interpreter->scope, *literalPtr, literalPtr)) {
+	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(*literalPtr) && Toy_parseIdentifierToValue(interpreter, literalPtr)) {
-			interpreter->errorOutput("Undeclared variable ");
+		Toy_freeLiteral(idn);
+	}
+
+	//if this is an array or dictionary, continue to the subtypes
+	if (TOY_IS_TYPE(*literalPtr) && (TOY_AS_TYPE(*literalPtr).typeOf == TOY_LITERAL_ARRAY || TOY_AS_TYPE(*literalPtr).typeOf == TOY_LITERAL_DICTIONARY)) {
+		for (int i = 0; i < TOY_AS_TYPE(*literalPtr).count; i++) {
+			parseTypeToValue(interpreter, &((Toy_Literal*)(TOY_AS_TYPE(*literalPtr).subtypes))[i]);
+		}
+	}
+
+	//BUGFIX: make sure it actually is a type
+	if (!TOY_IS_TYPE(*literalPtr)) {
+		interpreter->errorOutput("Bad type encountered: ");
 		Toy_printLiteralCustom(*literalPtr, interpreter->errorOutput);
 		interpreter->errorOutput("\n");
-			return false;
 	}
 }
 
-	// if (TOY_IS_ARRAY(*literalPtr) || TOY_IS_DICTIONARY(*literalPtr)) {
+//reading utils
-	// 	Toy_parseCompoundToPureValues(interpreter, literalPtr);
-	// }
-
-	return true;
-}
-
-//utilities for the host program
-void Toy_setInterpreterPrint(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_PrintFn printOutput) {
-	interpreter->printOutput = printOutput;
-}
-
-void Toy_setInterpreterAssert(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_PrintFn assertOutput) {
-	interpreter->assertOutput = assertOutput;
-}
-
-void Toy_setInterpreterError(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_PrintFn errorOutput) {
-	interpreter->errorOutput = errorOutput;
-}
-
-//utils
 static unsigned char readByte(const unsigned char* tb, int* count) {
 	unsigned char ret = *(unsigned char*)(tb + *count);
 	*count += 1;
@@ -332,7 +355,8 @@ static bool execPushLiteral(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, bool lng) {
 	return true;
 }
 
-static bool rawLiteral(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter) {
+static bool execRawLiteral(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter) {
+	//this seems to be only used by increments and decrements
 	Toy_Literal lit = Toy_popLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack);
 
 	Toy_Literal idn = lit;
@@ -544,31 +568,6 @@ static bool execArithmetic(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_Opcode opcode) {
 	return false;
 }
 
-static Toy_Literal parseTypeToValue(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_Literal type) {
-	//if an identifier is embedded in the type, figure out what it iss
-	Toy_Literal typeIdn = type;
-	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(type) && Toy_parseIdentifierToValue(interpreter, &type)) {
-		Toy_freeLiteral(typeIdn);
-	}
-
-	//if this is an array or dictionary, continue to the subtypes
-	if (TOY_IS_TYPE(type) && (TOY_AS_TYPE(type).typeOf == TOY_LITERAL_ARRAY || TOY_AS_TYPE(type).typeOf == TOY_LITERAL_DICTIONARY)) {
-		for (int i = 0; i < TOY_AS_TYPE(type).count; i++) {
-			((Toy_Literal*)(TOY_AS_TYPE(type).subtypes))[i] = parseTypeToValue(interpreter, ((Toy_Literal*)(TOY_AS_TYPE(type).subtypes))[i]);
-		}
-	}
-
-	//BUGFIX: make sure it actually is a type
-	if (!TOY_IS_TYPE(type)) {
-		interpreter->errorOutput("Bad type encountered: ");
-		Toy_printLiteralCustom(type, interpreter->errorOutput);
-		interpreter->errorOutput("\n");
-		//TODO: would be better to return an int here...
-	}
-
-	return type;
-}
-
 static bool execVarDecl(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, bool lng) {
 	//read the index in the cache
 	int identifierIndex = 0;
@@ -592,7 +591,7 @@ static bool execVarDecl(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, bool lng) {
 	}
 
 	//BUGFIX: because identifiers are getting embedded in type definitions
-	type = parseTypeToValue(interpreter, type);
+	parseTypeToValue(interpreter, &type);
 
 	if (!Toy_declareScopeVariable(interpreter->scope, identifier, type)) {
 		interpreter->errorOutput("Can't redefine the variable \"");
@@ -609,7 +608,7 @@ static bool execVarDecl(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, bool lng) {
 	}
 
 	if (TOY_IS_ARRAY(val) || TOY_IS_DICTIONARY(val)) {
-		Toy_parseCompoundToPureValues(interpreter, &val);
+		Toy_parseCompoundToValue(interpreter, &val);
 	}
 
 	//TODO: could restrict opaque data to only opaque variables
@@ -689,7 +688,7 @@ static bool execVarAssign(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter) {
 	}
 
 	if (TOY_IS_ARRAY(rhs) || TOY_IS_DICTIONARY(rhs)) {
-		Toy_parseCompoundToPureValues(interpreter, &rhs);
+		Toy_parseCompoundToValue(interpreter, &rhs);
 	}
 
 	if (!TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(lhs)) {
@@ -733,11 +732,11 @@ static bool execVarAssign(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter) {
 	return true;
 }
 
-static bool execVarArithmeticAssign(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter) {
+static bool execVarArithmeticAssignInterjection(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter) {
 	Toy_Literal rhs = Toy_popLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack);
 	Toy_Literal lhs = Toy_popLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack);
 
-	//duplicate the name
+	//duplicate the (presumably) identifier
 	Toy_pushLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack, lhs);
 	Toy_pushLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack, lhs);
 	Toy_pushLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack, rhs);
@@ -757,7 +756,10 @@ static bool execValCast(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter) {
 		Toy_freeLiteral(valueIdn);
 	}
 
-	Toy_Literal result = TOY_TO_NULL_LITERAL;
+	Toy_Literal typeIdn = type;
+	if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(type) && Toy_parseIdentifierToValue(interpreter, &type)) {
+		Toy_freeLiteral(typeIdn);
+	}
 
 	if (TOY_IS_NULL(value)) {
 		interpreter->errorOutput("Can't cast a null value\n");
@@ -768,6 +770,8 @@ static bool execValCast(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter) {
 		return false;
 	}
 
+	Toy_Literal result = TOY_TO_NULL_LITERAL;
+
 	//cast the rhs to the type represented by lhs
 	switch(TOY_AS_TYPE(type).typeOf) {
 		case TOY_LITERAL_BOOLEAN:
@@ -845,6 +849,11 @@ static bool execValCast(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter) {
 			interpreter->errorOutput("Unknown cast type found: ");
 			Toy_printLiteralCustom(type, interpreter->errorOutput);
 			interpreter->errorOutput("\n");
+
+			Toy_freeLiteral(result);
+			Toy_freeLiteral(value);
+			Toy_freeLiteral(type);
+
 			return false;
 	}
 
@@ -891,14 +900,16 @@ static bool execCompareEqual(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, bool invert) {
 		Toy_freeLiteral(lhsIdn);
 	}
 
-	bool result = Toy_literalsAreEqual(lhs, rhs);
+	bool equal = Toy_literalsAreEqual(lhs, rhs);
 
 	if (invert) {
-		result = !result;
+		equal = !equal;
 	}
 
-	Toy_pushLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack, TOY_TO_BOOLEAN_LITERAL(result));
+	Toy_Literal result = TOY_TO_BOOLEAN_LITERAL(equal);
+	Toy_pushLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack, result);
 
+	Toy_freeLiteral(result);
 	Toy_freeLiteral(lhs);
 	Toy_freeLiteral(rhs);
 
@@ -948,17 +959,19 @@ static bool execCompareLess(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, bool invert) {
 		rhs = TOY_TO_FLOAT_LITERAL(TOY_AS_INTEGER(rhs));
 	}
 
-	bool result;
+	bool less;
 
 	if (!invert) {
-		result = (TOY_AS_FLOAT(lhs) < TOY_AS_FLOAT(rhs));
+		less = (TOY_AS_FLOAT(lhs) < TOY_AS_FLOAT(rhs));
 	}
 	else {
-		result = (TOY_AS_FLOAT(lhs) > TOY_AS_FLOAT(rhs));
+		less = (TOY_AS_FLOAT(lhs) > TOY_AS_FLOAT(rhs));
 	}
 
-	Toy_pushLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack, TOY_TO_BOOLEAN_LITERAL(result));
+	Toy_Literal result = TOY_TO_BOOLEAN_LITERAL(less);
+	Toy_pushLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack, result);
 
+	Toy_freeLiteral(result);
 	Toy_freeLiteral(lhs);
 	Toy_freeLiteral(rhs);
 
@@ -1009,17 +1022,19 @@ static bool execCompareLessEqual(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, bool invert) {
 		rhs = TOY_TO_FLOAT_LITERAL(TOY_AS_INTEGER(rhs));
 	}
 
-	bool result;
+	bool lessEqual;
 
 	if (!invert) {
-		result = (TOY_AS_FLOAT(lhs) < TOY_AS_FLOAT(rhs)) || Toy_literalsAreEqual(lhs, rhs);
+		lessEqual = (TOY_AS_FLOAT(lhs) < TOY_AS_FLOAT(rhs)) || Toy_literalsAreEqual(lhs, rhs);
 	}
 	else {
-		result = (TOY_AS_FLOAT(lhs) > TOY_AS_FLOAT(rhs)) || Toy_literalsAreEqual(lhs, rhs);
+		lessEqual = (TOY_AS_FLOAT(lhs) > TOY_AS_FLOAT(rhs)) || Toy_literalsAreEqual(lhs, rhs);
 	}
 
-	Toy_pushLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack, TOY_TO_BOOLEAN_LITERAL(result));
+	Toy_Literal result = TOY_TO_BOOLEAN_LITERAL(lessEqual);
+	Toy_pushLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack, result);
 
+	Toy_freeLiteral(result);
 	Toy_freeLiteral(lhs);
 	Toy_freeLiteral(rhs);
 
@@ -1040,7 +1055,7 @@ static bool execAnd(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter) {
 		Toy_freeLiteral(lhsIdn);
 	}
 
-	//short-circuit support
+	//short-circuit - broken, see issue #73
 	if (!TOY_IS_TRUTHY(lhs)) {
 		Toy_pushLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack, lhs);
 	}
@@ -1068,7 +1083,7 @@ static bool execOr(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter) {
 		Toy_freeLiteral(lhsIdn);
 	}
 
-	//short-circuit support
+	//short-circuit - broken, see issue #73
 	if (TOY_IS_TRUTHY(lhs)) {
 		Toy_pushLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack, lhs);
 	}
@@ -1096,7 +1111,7 @@ static bool execJump(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter) {
 	return true;
 }
 
-static bool execFalseJump(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter) {
+static bool execJumpIfFalse(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter) {
 	int target = (int)readShort(interpreter->bytecode, &interpreter->count);
 
 	if (target + interpreter->codeStart > interpreter->length) {
@@ -1127,10 +1142,6 @@ static bool execFalseJump(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter) {
 	return true;
 }
 
-//forward declare
-static void execInterpreter(Toy_Interpreter*);
-static void readInterpreterSections(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter);
-
 //expect stack: identifier, arg1, arg2, arg3..., stackSize
 //also supports identifier & arg1 to be other way around (looseFirstArgument)
 static bool execFnCall(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, bool looseFirstArgument) {
@@ -1213,275 +1224,6 @@ static bool execFnCall(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, bool looseFirstArgument) {
 	return ret;
 }
 
-//expects arguments in correct order
-bool Toy_callLiteralFn(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_Literal func, Toy_LiteralArray* arguments, Toy_LiteralArray* returns) {
-	//check for side-loaded native functions
-	if (TOY_IS_FUNCTION_NATIVE(func)) {
-		//TODO: parse out identifier values, see issue #64
-
-		//call the native function
-		int returnsCount = TOY_AS_FUNCTION_NATIVE(func)(interpreter, arguments);
-
-		if (returnsCount < 0) {
-			// interpreter->errorOutput("Unknown error from native function\n");
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		//get the results
-		Toy_LiteralArray returnsFromInner;
-		Toy_initLiteralArray(&returnsFromInner);
-
-		for (int i = 0; i < (returnsCount || 1); i++) {
-			Toy_Literal lit = Toy_popLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack);
-			Toy_pushLiteralArray(&returnsFromInner, lit); //NOTE: also reverses the order
-			Toy_freeLiteral(lit);
-		}
-
-		//flip them around and pass to returns
-		while (returnsFromInner.count > 0) {
-			Toy_Literal lit = Toy_popLiteralArray(&returnsFromInner);
-			Toy_pushLiteralArray(returns, lit);
-			Toy_freeLiteral(lit);
-		}
-
-		Toy_freeLiteralArray(&returnsFromInner);
-		return true;
-	}
-
-	//normal Toy function
-	if (!TOY_IS_FUNCTION(func)) {
-		interpreter->errorOutput("Function literal required in Toy_callLiteralFn()\n");
-		return false;
-	}
-
-	//set up a new interpreter
-	Toy_Interpreter inner;
-
-	//init the inner interpreter manually
-	Toy_initLiteralArray(&inner.literalCache);
-	inner.scope = Toy_pushScope(func.as.function.scope);
-	inner.bytecode = ((Toy_RefFunction*)(TOY_AS_FUNCTION(func).inner.ptr))->data;
-	inner.length = ((Toy_RefFunction*)(TOY_AS_FUNCTION(func).inner.ptr))->length;
-	inner.count = 0;
-	inner.codeStart = -1;
-	inner.depth = interpreter->depth + 1;
-	inner.panic = false;
-	Toy_initLiteralArray(&inner.stack);
-	inner.hooks = interpreter->hooks;
-	Toy_setInterpreterPrint(&inner, interpreter->printOutput);
-	Toy_setInterpreterAssert(&inner, interpreter->assertOutput);
-	Toy_setInterpreterError(&inner, interpreter->errorOutput);
-
-	//prep the sections
-	readInterpreterSections(&inner);
-
-	//prep the arguments
-	Toy_LiteralArray* paramArray = TOY_AS_ARRAY(inner.literalCache.literals[ readShort(inner.bytecode, &inner.count) ]);
-	Toy_LiteralArray* returnArray = TOY_AS_ARRAY(inner.literalCache.literals[ readShort(inner.bytecode, &inner.count) ]);
-
-	//get the rest param, if it exists
-	Toy_Literal restParam = TOY_TO_NULL_LITERAL;
-	if (paramArray->count >= 2 && TOY_AS_TYPE(paramArray->literals[ paramArray->count -1 ]).typeOf == TOY_LITERAL_FUNCTION_ARG_REST) {
-		restParam = paramArray->literals[ paramArray->count -2 ];
-	}
-
-	//check the param total is correct
-	if ((TOY_IS_NULL(restParam) && paramArray->count != arguments->count * 2) || (!TOY_IS_NULL(restParam) && paramArray->count -2 > arguments->count * 2)) {
-		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect number of arguments passed to a function\n");
-
-		//free, and skip out
-		Toy_popScope(inner.scope);
-
-		Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.stack);
-		Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.literalCache);
-
-		return false;
-	}
-
-	//BUGFIX: access the arguments from the beginning
-	int argumentIndex = 0;
-
-	//contents is the indexes of identifier & type
-	for (int i = 0; i < paramArray->count - (TOY_IS_NULL(restParam) ? 0 : 2); i += 2) { //don't count the rest parameter, if present
-		//declare and define each entry in the scope
-		if (!Toy_declareScopeVariable(inner.scope, paramArray->literals[i], paramArray->literals[i + 1])) {
-			interpreter->errorOutput("[internal] Could not re-declare parameter\n");
-
-			//free, and skip out
-			Toy_popScope(inner.scope);
-
-			Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.stack);
-			Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.literalCache);
-
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		//access the arguments in order
-		Toy_Literal arg = TOY_TO_NULL_LITERAL;
-		if (argumentIndex < arguments->count) {
-			arg = Toy_copyLiteral(arguments->literals[argumentIndex++]);
-		}
-
-		Toy_Literal argIdn = arg;
-		if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(arg) && Toy_parseIdentifierToValue(interpreter, &arg)) {
-			Toy_freeLiteral(argIdn);
-		}
-
-		if (!Toy_setScopeVariable(inner.scope, paramArray->literals[i], arg, false)) {
-			interpreter->errorOutput("[internal] Could not define parameter (bad type?)\n");
-
-			//free, and skip out
-			Toy_freeLiteral(arg);
-			Toy_popScope(inner.scope);
-
-			Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.stack);
-			Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.literalCache);
-
-			return false;
-		}
-		Toy_freeLiteral(arg);
-	}
-
-	//if using rest, pack the optional extra arguments into the rest parameter (array)
-	if (!TOY_IS_NULL(restParam)) {
-		Toy_LiteralArray rest;
-		Toy_initLiteralArray(&rest);
-
-		//access the arguments in order
-		while (argumentIndex < arguments->count) {
-			Toy_Literal lit = Toy_copyLiteral(arguments->literals[argumentIndex++]);
-			Toy_pushLiteralArray(&rest, lit);
-			Toy_freeLiteral(lit);
-		}
-
-		Toy_Literal restType = TOY_TO_TYPE_LITERAL(TOY_LITERAL_ARRAY, true);
-		Toy_Literal any = TOY_TO_TYPE_LITERAL(TOY_LITERAL_ANY, false);
-		TOY_TYPE_PUSH_SUBTYPE(&restType, any);
-
-		//declare & define the rest parameter
-		if (!Toy_declareScopeVariable(inner.scope, restParam, restType)) {
-			interpreter->errorOutput("[internal] Could not declare rest parameter\n");
-
-			//free, and skip out
-			Toy_freeLiteral(restType);
-			Toy_freeLiteralArray(&rest);
-			Toy_popScope(inner.scope);
-
-			Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.stack);
-			Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.literalCache);
-
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		Toy_Literal lit = TOY_TO_ARRAY_LITERAL(&rest);
-		if (!Toy_setScopeVariable(inner.scope, restParam, lit, false)) {
-			interpreter->errorOutput("[internal] Could not define rest parameter\n");
-
-			//free, and skip out
-			Toy_freeLiteral(restType);
-			Toy_freeLiteral(lit);
-			Toy_popScope(inner.scope);
-
-			Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.stack);
-			Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.literalCache);
-
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		Toy_freeLiteral(restType);
-		Toy_freeLiteralArray(&rest);
-	}
-
-	//execute the interpreter
-	execInterpreter(&inner);
-
-	//adopt the panic state
-	interpreter->panic = inner.panic;
-
-	//accept the stack as the results
-	Toy_LiteralArray returnsFromInner;
-	Toy_initLiteralArray(&returnsFromInner);
-
-	//unpack the results
-	for (int i = 0; i < (returnArray->count || 1); i++) {
-		Toy_Literal lit = Toy_popLiteralArray(&inner.stack);
-		Toy_pushLiteralArray(&returnsFromInner, lit); //NOTE: also reverses the order
-		Toy_freeLiteral(lit);
-	}
-
-	bool returnValue = true;
-
-	//TODO: remove this when multiple assignment is enabled - note the BUGFIX that balances the stack
-	if (returnsFromInner.count > 1) {
-		interpreter->errorOutput("Too many values returned (multiple returns not yet supported)\n");
-
-		returnValue = false;
-	}
-
-	for (int i = 0; i < returnsFromInner.count && returnValue; i++) {
-		Toy_Literal ret = Toy_popLiteralArray(&returnsFromInner);
-
-		//check the return types
-		if (returnArray->count > 0 && TOY_AS_TYPE(returnArray->literals[i]).typeOf != ret.type) {
-			interpreter->errorOutput("Bad type found in return value\n");
-
-			//free, and skip out
-			returnValue = false;
-			break;
-		}
-
-		Toy_pushLiteralArray(returns, ret); //NOTE: reverses again
-		Toy_freeLiteral(ret);
-	}
-
-	//manual free
-	//BUGFIX: handle scopes of functions, which refer to the parent scope (leaking memory)
-	while(inner.scope != TOY_AS_FUNCTION(func).scope) {
-		for (int i = 0; i < inner.scope->variables.capacity; i++) {
-			//handle keys, just in case
-			if (TOY_IS_FUNCTION(inner.scope->variables.entries[i].key)) {
-				Toy_popScope(TOY_AS_FUNCTION(inner.scope->variables.entries[i].key).scope);
-				TOY_AS_FUNCTION(inner.scope->variables.entries[i].key).scope = NULL;
-			}
-
-			if (TOY_IS_FUNCTION(inner.scope->variables.entries[i].value)) {
-				Toy_popScope(TOY_AS_FUNCTION(inner.scope->variables.entries[i].value).scope);
-				TOY_AS_FUNCTION(inner.scope->variables.entries[i].value).scope = NULL;
-			}
-		}
-
-		inner.scope = Toy_popScope(inner.scope);
-	}
-	Toy_freeLiteralArray(&returnsFromInner);
-	Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.stack);
-	Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.literalCache);
-
-	//BUGFIX: this function needs to eat the arguments
-	Toy_freeLiteralArray(arguments);
-
-	//actual bytecode persists until next call
-	return true;
-}
-
-bool Toy_callFn(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, const char* name, Toy_LiteralArray* arguments, Toy_LiteralArray* returns) {
-	Toy_Literal key = TOY_TO_IDENTIFIER_LITERAL(Toy_createRefStringLength(name, strlen(name)));
-	Toy_Literal val = TOY_TO_NULL_LITERAL;
-	
-	if (!Toy_isDeclaredScopeVariable(interpreter->scope, key)) {
-		interpreter->errorOutput("No function with that name\n");
-		return false;
-	}
-
-	Toy_getScopeVariable(interpreter->scope, key, &val);
-
-	bool ret = Toy_callLiteralFn(interpreter, val, arguments, returns);
-
-	Toy_freeLiteral(key);
-	Toy_freeLiteral(val);
-
-	return ret;
-}
-
 static bool execFnReturn(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter) {
 	Toy_LiteralArray returns;
 	Toy_initLiteralArray(&returns);
@@ -1496,7 +1238,7 @@ static bool execFnReturn(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter) {
 		}
 
 		if (TOY_IS_ARRAY(lit) || TOY_IS_DICTIONARY(lit)) {
-			Toy_parseCompoundToPureValues(interpreter, &lit);
+			Toy_parseCompoundToValue(interpreter, &lit);
 		}
 
 		Toy_pushLiteralArray(&returns, lit); //reverses the order
@@ -1639,7 +1381,13 @@ static bool execIndex(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, bool assignIntermediate) {
 static bool execIndexAssign(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, int assignDepth) {
 	//assume -> compound, first, second, third, assign are all on the stack
 
-	Toy_Literal assign = TOY_TO_NULL_LITERAL, third = TOY_TO_NULL_LITERAL, second = TOY_TO_NULL_LITERAL, first = TOY_TO_NULL_LITERAL, compound = TOY_TO_NULL_LITERAL, result = TOY_TO_NULL_LITERAL;
+	Toy_Literal assign = TOY_TO_NULL_LITERAL;
+	Toy_Literal third = TOY_TO_NULL_LITERAL;
+	Toy_Literal second = TOY_TO_NULL_LITERAL;
+	Toy_Literal first = TOY_TO_NULL_LITERAL;
+	Toy_Literal compound = TOY_TO_NULL_LITERAL;
+	Toy_Literal result = TOY_TO_NULL_LITERAL;
+
 	Toy_Literal compoundIdn = TOY_TO_NULL_LITERAL;
 	bool freeIdn = false;
 
@@ -1840,7 +1588,7 @@ static void execInterpreter(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter) {
 			break;
 
 			case TOY_OP_LITERAL_RAW:
-				if (!rawLiteral(interpreter)) {
+				if (!execRawLiteral(interpreter)) {
 					return;
 				}
 			break;
@@ -1866,11 +1614,13 @@ static void execInterpreter(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter) {
 			case TOY_OP_VAR_MULTIPLICATION_ASSIGN:
 			case TOY_OP_VAR_DIVISION_ASSIGN:
 			case TOY_OP_VAR_MODULO_ASSIGN:
-				execVarArithmeticAssign(interpreter);
+				execVarArithmeticAssignInterjection(interpreter); //hang on, let me just prep this first
+
 				if (!execArithmetic(interpreter, opcode)) {
-					Toy_freeLiteral(Toy_popLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack));
+					Toy_freeLiteral(Toy_popLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack)); //remove the extra identifier if this went south
 					return;
 				}
+
 				if (!execVarAssign(interpreter)) {
 					return;
 				}
@@ -1881,6 +1631,7 @@ static void execInterpreter(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter) {
 			break;
 
 			case TOY_OP_GROUPING_END:
+				//And so doeth, yeet thine operation upwards
 				return;
 
 			//scope
@@ -1987,7 +1738,7 @@ static void execInterpreter(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter) {
 			break;
 
 			case TOY_OP_IF_FALSE_JUMP:
-				if (!execFalseJump(interpreter)) {
+				if (!execJumpIfFalse(interpreter)) {
 					return;
 				}
 			break;
@@ -2456,3 +2207,272 @@ void Toy_freeInterpreter(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter) {
 
 	interpreter->hooks = NULL;
 }
+
+//for function calls
+bool Toy_callLiteralFn(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, Toy_Literal func, Toy_LiteralArray* arguments, Toy_LiteralArray* returns) {
+	//check for side-loaded native functions
+	if (TOY_IS_FUNCTION_NATIVE(func)) {
+		//TODO: parse out identifier values, see issue #64
+
+		//call the native function
+		int returnsCount = TOY_AS_FUNCTION_NATIVE(func)(interpreter, arguments);
+
+		if (returnsCount < 0) {
+			// interpreter->errorOutput("Unknown error from native function\n");
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		//get the results
+		Toy_LiteralArray returnsFromInner;
+		Toy_initLiteralArray(&returnsFromInner);
+
+		for (int i = 0; i < (returnsCount || 1); i++) {
+			Toy_Literal lit = Toy_popLiteralArray(&interpreter->stack);
+			Toy_pushLiteralArray(&returnsFromInner, lit); //NOTE: also reverses the order
+			Toy_freeLiteral(lit);
+		}
+
+		//flip them around and pass to returns
+		while (returnsFromInner.count > 0) {
+			Toy_Literal lit = Toy_popLiteralArray(&returnsFromInner);
+			Toy_pushLiteralArray(returns, lit);
+			Toy_freeLiteral(lit);
+		}
+
+		Toy_freeLiteralArray(&returnsFromInner);
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	//normal Toy function
+	if (!TOY_IS_FUNCTION(func)) {
+		interpreter->errorOutput("Function literal required in Toy_callLiteralFn()\n");
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	//set up a new interpreter
+	Toy_Interpreter inner;
+
+	//init the inner interpreter manually
+	Toy_initLiteralArray(&inner.literalCache);
+	inner.scope = Toy_pushScope(func.as.function.scope);
+	inner.bytecode = ((Toy_RefFunction*)(TOY_AS_FUNCTION(func).inner.ptr))->data;
+	inner.length = ((Toy_RefFunction*)(TOY_AS_FUNCTION(func).inner.ptr))->length;
+	inner.count = 0;
+	inner.codeStart = -1;
+	inner.depth = interpreter->depth + 1;
+	inner.panic = false;
+	Toy_initLiteralArray(&inner.stack);
+	inner.hooks = interpreter->hooks;
+	Toy_setInterpreterPrint(&inner, interpreter->printOutput);
+	Toy_setInterpreterAssert(&inner, interpreter->assertOutput);
+	Toy_setInterpreterError(&inner, interpreter->errorOutput);
+
+	//prep the sections
+	readInterpreterSections(&inner);
+
+	//prep the arguments
+	Toy_LiteralArray* paramArray = TOY_AS_ARRAY(inner.literalCache.literals[ readShort(inner.bytecode, &inner.count) ]);
+	Toy_LiteralArray* returnArray = TOY_AS_ARRAY(inner.literalCache.literals[ readShort(inner.bytecode, &inner.count) ]);
+
+	//get the rest param, if it exists
+	Toy_Literal restParam = TOY_TO_NULL_LITERAL;
+	if (paramArray->count >= 2 && TOY_AS_TYPE(paramArray->literals[ paramArray->count -1 ]).typeOf == TOY_LITERAL_FUNCTION_ARG_REST) {
+		restParam = paramArray->literals[ paramArray->count -2 ];
+	}
+
+	//check the param total is correct
+	if ((TOY_IS_NULL(restParam) && paramArray->count != arguments->count * 2) || (!TOY_IS_NULL(restParam) && paramArray->count -2 > arguments->count * 2)) {
+		interpreter->errorOutput("Incorrect number of arguments passed to a function\n");
+
+		//free, and skip out
+		Toy_popScope(inner.scope);
+
+		Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.stack);
+		Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.literalCache);
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	//BUGFIX: access the arguments from the beginning
+	int argumentIndex = 0;
+
+	//contents is the indexes of identifier & type
+	for (int i = 0; i < paramArray->count - (TOY_IS_NULL(restParam) ? 0 : 2); i += 2) { //don't count the rest parameter, if present
+		//declare and define each entry in the scope
+		if (!Toy_declareScopeVariable(inner.scope, paramArray->literals[i], paramArray->literals[i + 1])) {
+			interpreter->errorOutput("[internal] Could not re-declare parameter\n");
+
+			//free, and skip out
+			Toy_popScope(inner.scope);
+
+			Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.stack);
+			Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.literalCache);
+
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		//access the arguments in order
+		Toy_Literal arg = TOY_TO_NULL_LITERAL;
+		if (argumentIndex < arguments->count) {
+			arg = Toy_copyLiteral(arguments->literals[argumentIndex++]);
+		}
+
+		Toy_Literal argIdn = arg;
+		if (TOY_IS_IDENTIFIER(arg) && Toy_parseIdentifierToValue(interpreter, &arg)) {
+			Toy_freeLiteral(argIdn);
+		}
+
+		if (!Toy_setScopeVariable(inner.scope, paramArray->literals[i], arg, false)) {
+			interpreter->errorOutput("[internal] Could not define parameter (bad type?)\n");
+
+			//free, and skip out
+			Toy_freeLiteral(arg);
+			Toy_popScope(inner.scope);
+
+			Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.stack);
+			Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.literalCache);
+
+			return false;
+		}
+		Toy_freeLiteral(arg);
+	}
+
+	//if using rest, pack the optional extra arguments into the rest parameter (array)
+	if (!TOY_IS_NULL(restParam)) {
+		Toy_LiteralArray rest;
+		Toy_initLiteralArray(&rest);
+
+		//access the arguments in order
+		while (argumentIndex < arguments->count) {
+			Toy_Literal lit = Toy_copyLiteral(arguments->literals[argumentIndex++]);
+			Toy_pushLiteralArray(&rest, lit);
+			Toy_freeLiteral(lit);
+		}
+
+		Toy_Literal restType = TOY_TO_TYPE_LITERAL(TOY_LITERAL_ARRAY, true);
+		Toy_Literal any = TOY_TO_TYPE_LITERAL(TOY_LITERAL_ANY, false);
+		TOY_TYPE_PUSH_SUBTYPE(&restType, any);
+
+		//declare & define the rest parameter
+		if (!Toy_declareScopeVariable(inner.scope, restParam, restType)) {
+			interpreter->errorOutput("[internal] Could not declare rest parameter\n");
+
+			//free, and skip out
+			Toy_freeLiteral(restType);
+			Toy_freeLiteralArray(&rest);
+			Toy_popScope(inner.scope);
+
+			Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.stack);
+			Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.literalCache);
+
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		Toy_Literal lit = TOY_TO_ARRAY_LITERAL(&rest);
+		if (!Toy_setScopeVariable(inner.scope, restParam, lit, false)) {
+			interpreter->errorOutput("[internal] Could not define rest parameter\n");
+
+			//free, and skip out
+			Toy_freeLiteral(restType);
+			Toy_freeLiteral(lit);
+			Toy_popScope(inner.scope);
+
+			Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.stack);
+			Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.literalCache);
+
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		Toy_freeLiteral(restType);
+		Toy_freeLiteralArray(&rest);
+	}
+
+	//execute the interpreter
+	execInterpreter(&inner);
+
+	//adopt the panic state
+	interpreter->panic = inner.panic;
+
+	//accept the stack as the results
+	Toy_LiteralArray returnsFromInner;
+	Toy_initLiteralArray(&returnsFromInner);
+
+	//unpack the results
+	for (int i = 0; i < (returnArray->count || 1); i++) {
+		Toy_Literal lit = Toy_popLiteralArray(&inner.stack);
+		Toy_pushLiteralArray(&returnsFromInner, lit); //NOTE: also reverses the order
+		Toy_freeLiteral(lit);
+	}
+
+	bool returnValue = true;
+
+	//TODO: remove this when multiple assignment is enabled - note the BUGFIX that balances the stack
+	if (returnsFromInner.count > 1) {
+		interpreter->errorOutput("Too many values returned (multiple returns not yet supported)\n");
+
+		returnValue = false;
+	}
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < returnsFromInner.count && returnValue; i++) {
+		Toy_Literal ret = Toy_popLiteralArray(&returnsFromInner);
+
+		//check the return types
+		if (returnArray->count > 0 && TOY_AS_TYPE(returnArray->literals[i]).typeOf != ret.type) {
+			interpreter->errorOutput("Bad type found in return value\n");
+
+			//free, and skip out
+			returnValue = false;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		Toy_pushLiteralArray(returns, ret); //NOTE: reverses again
+		Toy_freeLiteral(ret);
+	}
+
+	//manual free
+	//BUGFIX: handle scopes of functions, which refer to the parent scope (leaking memory)
+	while(inner.scope != TOY_AS_FUNCTION(func).scope) {
+		for (int i = 0; i < inner.scope->variables.capacity; i++) {
+			//handle keys, just in case
+			if (TOY_IS_FUNCTION(inner.scope->variables.entries[i].key)) {
+				Toy_popScope(TOY_AS_FUNCTION(inner.scope->variables.entries[i].key).scope);
+				TOY_AS_FUNCTION(inner.scope->variables.entries[i].key).scope = NULL;
+			}
+
+			if (TOY_IS_FUNCTION(inner.scope->variables.entries[i].value)) {
+				Toy_popScope(TOY_AS_FUNCTION(inner.scope->variables.entries[i].value).scope);
+				TOY_AS_FUNCTION(inner.scope->variables.entries[i].value).scope = NULL;
+			}
+		}
+
+		inner.scope = Toy_popScope(inner.scope);
+	}
+	Toy_freeLiteralArray(&returnsFromInner);
+	Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.stack);
+	Toy_freeLiteralArray(&inner.literalCache);
+
+	//BUGFIX: this function needs to eat the arguments
+	Toy_freeLiteralArray(arguments);
+
+	//actual bytecode persists until next call
+	return true;
+}
+
+bool Toy_callFn(Toy_Interpreter* interpreter, const char* name, Toy_LiteralArray* arguments, Toy_LiteralArray* returns) {
+	Toy_Literal key = TOY_TO_IDENTIFIER_LITERAL(Toy_createRefStringLength(name, strlen(name)));
+	Toy_Literal val = TOY_TO_NULL_LITERAL;
+	
+	if (!Toy_isDeclaredScopeVariable(interpreter->scope, key)) {
+		interpreter->errorOutput("No function with that name\n");
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	Toy_getScopeVariable(interpreter->scope, key, &val);
+
+	bool ret = Toy_callLiteralFn(interpreter, val, arguments, returns);
+
+	Toy_freeLiteral(key);
+	Toy_freeLiteral(val);
+
+	return ret;
+}

source/toy_parser.c

@@ -750,23 +750,10 @@ static Toy_Opcode decrementInfix(Toy_Parser* parser, Toy_ASTNode** nodeHandle) {
 static Toy_Opcode fnCall(Toy_Parser* parser, Toy_ASTNode** nodeHandle) {
 	//wait - is the previous token a type? this should be casting instead
 	if (parser->previous.type >= TOY_TOKEN_NULL && parser->previous.type <= TOY_TOKEN_ANY) {
-		//casting type
-		Toy_ASTNode* lhsNode = NULL;
-		castingPrefix(parser, &lhsNode);
-		advance(parser);
-
 		//casting value
-		Toy_ASTNode* rhsNode = NULL;
+		parsePrecedence(parser, nodeHandle, PREC_CALL);
-		grouping(parser, &rhsNode);
 
-		//emit the cast node
+		return TOY_OP_TYPE_CAST; //opcode value
-
-		Toy_emitASTNodeBinary(&lhsNode, rhsNode, TOY_OP_TYPE_CAST);
-
-		//pass it off to the caller
-		*nodeHandle = lhsNode;
-
-		return TOY_OP_GROUPING_BEGIN; //dummy value
 	}
 
 	advance(parser); //skip the left paren

test/makefile

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ IDIR +=. ../source ../repl
 CFLAGS +=$(addprefix -I,$(IDIR)) -g -Wall -W -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-unused-function -Wno-unused-variable
 LIBS +=
 ODIR = obj
-TARGETS = $(wildcard ../source/*.c) $(wildcard ../repl/lib_*.c) ../repl/repl_tools.c
+TARGETS = $(wildcard ../source/*.c) $(wildcard ../repl/lib_*.c) ../repl/repl_tools.c ../repl/drive_system.c
 TESTS = $(wildcard test_*.c)
 OBJ = $(addprefix $(ODIR)/,$(TARGETS:../source/%.c=%.o)) $(addprefix $(ODIR)/,$(TESTS:.c=.o))
 

test/scripts/group-casting-bugfix.toy

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//test for casting + grouping, see #67
+{
+	assert string(10 % 4) == "2", "basic group casting failed";
+	assert string 4 == "4", "normal casting failed";
+	
+	assert typeof string(10 % 4) == string, "group casting type failed";
+}
+
+
+
+print "All good";

test/scripts/lib/standard.toy

@@ -101,6 +101,63 @@ import standard;
 }
 
 
+//test sign
+{
+	assert sign(4) == 1, "sign(int) failed";
+	assert sign(-4) == -1, "sign(-int) failed";
+	assert sign(4.1) == 1, "sign(float) failed";
+	assert sign(-4.1) == -1, "sign(-float) failed";
+	assert sign(0) == 1, "sign(0) failed";
+
+	var x = 4.1;
+
+	assert x.sign() == 1, "var.sign() failed";
+
+	assert typeof sign(1.0) == int, "typeof sign() == int failed";
+}
+
+
+//test normalize
+{
+	assert normalize(4) == 1, "normalize(int) failed";
+	assert normalize(-4) == -1, "normalize(-int) failed";
+	assert normalize(4.1) == 1, "normalize(float) failed";
+	assert normalize(-4.1) == -1, "normalize(-float) failed";
+	assert normalize(0) == 0, "normalize(0) failed";
+
+	var x = 4.1;
+
+	assert x.normalize() == 1, "var.normalize() failed";
+
+	assert typeof normalize(1.0) == int, "typeof normalize() == int failed";
+}
+
+
+//test clamp
+{
+	assert clamp(1, 0, 5) == 1, "clamp(1, 0, 5) failed";
+	assert clamp(0, 1, 5) == 1, "clamp(0, 1, 5) failed";
+	assert clamp(10, 1, 5) == 5, "clamp(10, 1, 5) failed";
+
+	assert clamp(1.0, 0.0, 5.0) == 1, "clamp(1.0, 0.0, 5.0) failed";
+	assert clamp(0.0, 1.0, 5.0) == 1, "clamp(0.0, 1.0, 5.0) failed";
+	assert clamp(10.0, 1.0, 5.0) == 5, "clamp(10.0, 1.0, 5.0) failed";
+
+	assert typeof clamp(10, 1, 5) == int, "typeof clamp(10, 1, 5) == int failed";
+	assert typeof clamp(10.0, 1, 5) == int, "typeof clamp(10.0, 1, 5) == int failed";
+	assert typeof clamp(10, 1, 5.0) == float, "typeof clamp(10, 1, 5.0) == float failed";
+}
+
+
+//test lerp
+{
+	assert lerp(0, 10, 0.5) == 5, "lerp 50% failed";
+	assert lerp(0, 10, 1.5) == 15, "lerp 150% failed";
+
+	assert typeof lerp(0, 10, 0) == float, "typeof lerp result failed";
+}
+
+
 //test concat
 {
 	//test array concat

test/scripts/lib/toy_version_info.toy

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import about as about;
+import toy_version_info as toy_version_info;
-import about;
+import toy_version_info;
 
 assert author == "Kayne Ruse, KR Game Studios", "Author failed";
 

test/test_drive_system.c

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include "toy_drive_system.h"
+#include "drive_system.h"
 
 #include "toy_console_colors.h"
 

test/test_interpreter.c

@@ -119,6 +119,7 @@ int main() {
 			"dottify-bugfix.toy",
 			"function-within-function-bugfix.toy",
 			"functions.toy",
+			"group-casting-bugfix.toy",
 			"increment-postfix-bugfix.toy",
 			"index-arrays.toy",
 			"index-assignment-both-bugfix.toy",

test/test_libraries.c

@@ -6,18 +6,18 @@
 #include "toy_console_colors.h"
 
 #include "toy_memory.h"
-#include "toy_drive_system.h"
 
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
 #include "../repl/repl_tools.h"
+#include "../repl/drive_system.h"
 
-#include "../repl/lib_about.h"
+#include "../repl/lib_toy_version_info.h"
+#include "../repl/lib_standard.h"
 #include "../repl/lib_random.h"
 #include "../repl/lib_runner.h"
-#include "../repl/lib_standard.h"
 
 //supress the print output
 static void noPrintFn(const char* output) {
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ int main() {
 		//run each file in test/scripts
 		Payload payloads[] = {
 			{"interactions.toy", "standard", Toy_hookStandard}, //interactions needs standard
-			{"about.toy", "about", Toy_hookAbout},
+			{"toy_version_info.toy", "toy_version_info", Toy_hookToyVersionInfo},
 			{"standard.toy", "standard", Toy_hookStandard},
 			{"runner.toy", "runner", Toy_hookRunner},
 			{"random.toy", "random", Toy_hookRandom},

tools/changing-of-the-guard.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+//changing of the guard - made for @hyperiondev's microcontrollers
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+std::string convert(std::string str) {
+	str = str.substr(str.find_last_of("\\/")+1);
+	std::transform(str.begin(), str.end(), str.begin(), ::toupper);
+	std::replace(str.begin(), str.end(), '.', '_');
+	return str;
+}
+
+std::string convertToGuardStart(std::string str) {
+	str = convert(str);
+	return "#ifndef " + str + "\n#define " + str + "\n";
+}
+
+std::string convertToGuardEnd(std::string str) {
+	str = convert(str);
+	return "\n#endif //" + str + "\n";
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+	if (argc <= 1) {
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	for (int fileCounter = 1; fileCounter < argc; fileCounter++) {
+		std::ifstream is; //input stream
+		std::string buffer; //store output file
+
+		//open
+		is.open(argv[fileCounter]);
+		if (!is.is_open()) {
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		while (!is.eof()) {
+			std::string top; //I dislike C++
+			getline(is, top);
+
+			//check for pragma guard
+			if (top == "#pragma once") {
+				top = convertToGuardStart(argv[fileCounter]);
+				getline(is, buffer, '\0');
+				buffer += convertToGuardEnd(argv[fileCounter]);
+			}
+			else {
+				top += "\n";
+				getline(is, buffer, '\0');
+			}
+
+			buffer = top + buffer;
+		}
+
+		//finally
+		is.close();
+
+		std::ofstream os;
+
+		os.open(argv[fileCounter]);
+		if (!os.is_open()) {
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		os << buffer;
+
+		os.close();
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}