diff --git a/.notes/bytecode-format.txt b/.notes/bytecode-format.txt
index 914b222..6923c64 100644
--- a/.notes/bytecode-format.txt
+++ b/.notes/bytecode-format.txt
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ An additional note: The contents of the build string may be anything, such as:
  * identification information, such as the developer's copyright
  * a link to Risk Astley's "Never Gonna Give You Up" on YouTube
 
+Please note that in the final bytecode, if the null terminator of TOY_VERSION_BUILD is not 4-byte aligned, extra space will be allocated to round out the header's size to a multiple of 4. The contents of the extra bytes are undefined.
+
 ===
 
 At this time, a 'module' consists of a single 'routine', which acts as its global scope.
@@ -39,6 +41,7 @@ Additional information may be added later, or multiple 'modules' listed sequenti
 .header:
 	N total size         # size of this routine, including all data and subroutines
 	N .param count     # the number of parameter fields expected
+	N .jumps count     # the number of entries in the jump table (should be data count + routine count)
 	N .data count      # the number of data fields expected
 	N .routine count   # the number of routines present
 	.param start       # absolute addess of .param;     omitted if not needed
@@ -57,7 +60,7 @@ Additional information may be added later, or multiple 'modules' listed sequenti
 	LOAD 0
 	ASSERT
 
-.datatable:
+.jumptable:
 	# a 'symbol -> pointer' jumptable for quickly looking up values in .data and .routines
 	0 -> {string, 0x00}
 	1 -> {fn, 0xFF}
diff --git a/source/toy_bytecode.c b/source/toy_bytecode.c
index 7d8b54c..dcb4d01 100644
--- a/source/toy_bytecode.c
+++ b/source/toy_bytecode.c
@@ -34,6 +34,11 @@ static void writeBytecodeHeader(Toy_Bytecode* bc) {
 	const char* build = Toy_private_version_build();
 	int len = (int)strlen(build) + 1;
 
+	//BUGFIX: ensure the end of the header has 4-byte alignment
+	if (len % 4 != 1) { //1 to fill the 4th byte above
+		len += 4 - (len % 4) +1; //ceil
+	}
+
 	expand(bc, len);
 	memcpy(bc->ptr + bc->count, build, len);
 	bc->count += len;
diff --git a/source/toy_routine.c b/source/toy_routine.c
index 3ff9b07..09687ba 100644
--- a/source/toy_routine.c
+++ b/source/toy_routine.c
@@ -60,14 +60,29 @@ static void writeInstructionValue(Toy_Routine** rt, Toy_AstValue ast) {
 	//emit the raw value based on the type
 	if (TOY_VALUE_IS_NULL(ast.value)) {
 		//NOTHING - null's type data is enough
+
+		//BUGFIX: 4-byte alignment
+		EMIT_BYTE(rt, 0);
+		EMIT_BYTE(rt, 0);
 	}
 	else if (TOY_VALUE_IS_BOOLEAN(ast.value)) {
 		EMIT_BYTE(rt, TOY_VALUE_AS_BOOLEAN(ast.value));
+
+		//BUGFIX: 4-byte alignment
+		EMIT_BYTE(rt, 0);
 	}
 	else if (TOY_VALUE_IS_INTEGER(ast.value)) {
+		//BUGFIX: 4-byte alignment
+		EMIT_BYTE(rt, 0);
+		EMIT_BYTE(rt, 0);
+
 		EMIT_INT(rt, code, TOY_VALUE_AS_INTEGER(ast.value));
 	}
 	else if (TOY_VALUE_IS_FLOAT(ast.value)) {
+		//BUGFIX: 4-byte alignment
+		EMIT_BYTE(rt, 0);
+		EMIT_BYTE(rt, 0);
+
 		EMIT_FLOAT(rt, code, TOY_VALUE_AS_FLOAT(ast.value));
 	}
 	else {
@@ -82,6 +97,11 @@ static void writeInstructionUnary(Toy_Routine** rt, Toy_AstUnary ast) {
 
 	if (ast.flag == TOY_AST_FLAG_NEGATE) {
 		EMIT_BYTE(rt, TOY_OPCODE_NEGATE);
+
+		//BUGFIX: 4-byte alignment
+		EMIT_BYTE(rt, 0);
+		EMIT_BYTE(rt, 0);
+		EMIT_BYTE(rt, 0);
 	}
 	else {
 		fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "Invalid AST unary flag found\n" TOY_CC_RESET);
@@ -145,7 +165,16 @@ static void writeInstructionBinary(Toy_Routine** rt, Toy_AstBinary ast) {
 	}
 	else if (ast.flag == TOY_AST_FLAG_COMPARE_NOT) {
 		EMIT_BYTE(rt, TOY_OPCODE_COMPARE_EQUAL);
-		EMIT_BYTE(rt, TOY_OPCODE_NEGATE);
+		EMIT_BYTE(rt, 0);
+		EMIT_BYTE(rt, 0);
+		EMIT_BYTE(rt, 0);
+
+		EMIT_BYTE(rt, TOY_OPCODE_NEGATE); //TODO: squeeze these into one word
+		EMIT_BYTE(rt, 0);
+		EMIT_BYTE(rt, 0);
+		EMIT_BYTE(rt, 0);
+
+		return;
 	}
 	else if (ast.flag == TOY_AST_FLAG_COMPARE_LESS) {
 		EMIT_BYTE(rt, TOY_OPCODE_COMPARE_LESS);
@@ -170,6 +199,11 @@ static void writeInstructionBinary(Toy_Routine** rt, Toy_AstBinary ast) {
 		fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "Invalid AST binary flag found\n" TOY_CC_RESET);
 		exit(-1);
 	}
+
+	//BUGFIX: 4-byte alignment (covers most cases)
+	EMIT_BYTE(rt, 0);
+	EMIT_BYTE(rt, 0);
+	EMIT_BYTE(rt, 0);
 }
 
 //routine structure
@@ -236,12 +270,15 @@ static void writeRoutineCode(Toy_Routine** rt, Toy_Ast* ast) {
 
 static void* writeRoutine(Toy_Routine* rt, Toy_Ast* ast) {
 	//build the routine's parts
-	//param
+	//TODO: param
 	//code
 	writeRoutineCode(&rt, ast);
 	EMIT_BYTE(&rt, TOY_OPCODE_RETURN); //temp terminator
-	//jumps
-	//data
+	EMIT_BYTE(&rt, 0); //BUGFIX: 4-byte alignment
+	EMIT_BYTE(&rt, 0);
+	EMIT_BYTE(&rt, 0);
+	//TODO: jumps
+	//TODO: data
 
 	//write the header and combine the parts
 	void* buffer = TOY_ALLOCATE(unsigned char, 16);
@@ -251,6 +288,7 @@ static void* writeRoutine(Toy_Routine* rt, Toy_Ast* ast) {
 
 	emitInt(&buffer, &capacity, &count, 0); //total size (overwritten later)
 	emitInt(&buffer, &capacity, &count, rt->paramCount); //param count
+	emitInt(&buffer, &capacity, &count, rt->jumpsCount); //jumps count
 	emitInt(&buffer, &capacity, &count, rt->dataCount); //data count
 	emitInt(&buffer, &capacity, &count, rt->subsCount); //routine count
 
@@ -285,7 +323,7 @@ static void* writeRoutine(Toy_Routine* rt, Toy_Ast* ast) {
 		count += rt->codeCount;
 	}
 
-	//finally, record the total size, and return the result
+	//finally, record the total size within the header, and return the result
 	*((int*)buffer) = count;
 
 	return buffer;
diff --git a/source/toy_routine.h b/source/toy_routine.h
index 3eb447c..90ac882 100644
--- a/source/toy_routine.h
+++ b/source/toy_routine.h
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 #include "toy_common.h"
 #include "toy_ast.h"
 
-//routine - internal structure that holds the individual parts of a compiled routine
+//internal structure that holds the individual parts of a compiled routine
 typedef struct Toy_Routine {
-	unsigned char* param; //c-string params in sequence
+	unsigned char* param; //c-string params in sequence (could be moved below the jump table?)
 	int paramCapacity;
 	int paramCount;
 
diff --git a/tests/cases/test_bytecode.c b/tests/cases/test_bytecode.c
index 861c36e..b2959b5 100644
--- a/tests/cases/test_bytecode.c
+++ b/tests/cases/test_bytecode.c
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 #include "toy_bytecode.h"
 #include "toy_console_colors.h"
 
+#include "toy_opcodes.h"
+#include "toy_lexer.h"
+#include "toy_parser.h"
+
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
@@ -30,6 +34,135 @@ int test_bytecode_header(Toy_Bucket* bucket) {
 			return -1;
 		}
 
+		if (bc.count % 4 != 0) {
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: bytecode size is not a multiple of 4, size is: %d\n" TOY_CC_RESET, bc.count);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			Toy_freeBytecode(bc);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		//cleanup
+		Toy_freeBytecode(bc);
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int test_bytecode_from_source(Toy_Bucket* bucket) {
+	{
+		//setup
+		const char* source = "(1 + 2) * (3 + 4);";
+		Toy_Lexer lexer;
+		Toy_Parser parser;
+
+		Toy_bindLexer(&lexer, source);
+		Toy_bindParser(&parser, &lexer);
+		Toy_Ast* ast = Toy_scanParser(&bucket, &parser);
+
+		//run
+		Toy_Bytecode bc = Toy_compileBytecode(ast);
+
+		//check bytecode alignment
+		if (bc.count % 4 != 0) {
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: bytecode alignment is not a multiple of 4 (size is %d), source: %s\n" TOY_CC_RESET, bc.count, source);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			Toy_freeBytecode(bc);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		//check bytecode header
+		if (bc.ptr[0] != TOY_VERSION_MAJOR ||
+			bc.ptr[1] != TOY_VERSION_MINOR ||
+			bc.ptr[2] != TOY_VERSION_PATCH ||
+			strcmp((char*)(bc.ptr + 3), TOY_VERSION_BUILD) != 0)
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: failed to write the bytecode header, source: %s\n" TOY_CC_RESET, source);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			Toy_freeBytecode(bc);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		//check contents of the routine (this is copy/pasted from test_routine.c, and tweaked with the offset)
+		int offset = strlen(TOY_VERSION_BUILD) + 3;
+		if (offset % 4 != 0) {
+			offset += 4 - (offset % 4); //ceil
+		}
+
+		int* ptr = (int*)(bc.ptr + offset);
+
+		if ((ptr++)[0] != 72 || //total size
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //param count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //jump count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //data count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0) //subs count
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: failed to produce the expected routine header within bytecode, source: %s\n" TOY_CC_RESET, source);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			Toy_freeBytecode(bc);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		//check code
+		if (
+			//left hand side
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 24)) != TOY_OPCODE_READ ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 25)) != TOY_VALUE_INTEGER ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 26)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 27)) != 0 ||
+			*(int*)(offset + bc.ptr + 28) != 1 ||
+
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 32)) != TOY_OPCODE_READ ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 33)) != TOY_VALUE_INTEGER ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 34)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 35)) != 0 ||
+			*(int*)(offset + bc.ptr + 36) != 2 ||
+
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 40)) != TOY_OPCODE_ADD ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 41)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 42)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 43)) != 0 ||
+
+			//right hand side
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 44)) != TOY_OPCODE_READ ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 45)) != TOY_VALUE_INTEGER ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 46)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 47)) != 0 ||
+			*(int*)(offset + bc.ptr + 48) != 3 ||
+
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 52)) != TOY_OPCODE_READ ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 53)) != TOY_VALUE_INTEGER ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 54)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 55)) != 0 ||
+			*(int*)(offset + bc.ptr + 56) != 4 ||
+
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 60)) != TOY_OPCODE_ADD ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 61)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 62)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 63)) != 0 ||
+
+			//multiply the two values
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 64)) != TOY_OPCODE_MULTIPLY ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 65)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 66)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 67)) != 0 ||
+
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 68)) != TOY_OPCODE_RETURN ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 69)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 70)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(offset + bc.ptr + 71)) != 0
+		)
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: failed to produce the expected routine code within bytecode, source: %s\n" TOY_CC_RESET, source);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			Toy_freeBytecode(bc);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
 		//cleanup
 		Toy_freeBytecode(bc);
 	}
@@ -52,5 +185,16 @@ int main() {
 		total += res;
 	}
 
+	{
+		Toy_Bucket* bucket = NULL;
+		TOY_BUCKET_INIT(Toy_Ast, bucket, 32);
+		res = test_bytecode_from_source(bucket);
+		TOY_BUCKET_FREE(bucket);
+		if (res == 0) {
+			printf(TOY_CC_NOTICE "All good\n" TOY_CC_RESET);
+		}
+		total += res;
+	}
+
 	return total;
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/cases/test_routine.c b/tests/cases/test_routine.c
index f932518..848455c 100644
--- a/tests/cases/test_routine.c
+++ b/tests/cases/test_routine.c
@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
 #include "toy_routine.h"
 #include "toy_console_colors.h"
 
+#include "toy_opcodes.h"
+#include "toy_lexer.h"
+#include "toy_parser.h"
+
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
 //tests
-int test_routine_header(Toy_Bucket* bucket) {
-	//simple test to ensure the header looks right
+int test_routine_header_and_values(Toy_Bucket* bucket) {
+	//simple test to ensure the header looks right with an empty ast
 	{
 		//setup
 		Toy_Ast* ast = NULL;
@@ -16,8 +20,601 @@ int test_routine_header(Toy_Bucket* bucket) {
 		void* buffer = Toy_compileRoutine(ast);
 		int len = ((int*)buffer)[0];
 
-		//check
-		//TODO
+		//check header
+		int* ptr = (int*)buffer;
+
+		if ((ptr++)[0] != 28 || //total size
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //param count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //jump count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //data count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0) //subs count
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: failed to produce the expected routine header, ast: PASS\n" TOY_CC_RESET);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		//check code
+		if (*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 24)) != TOY_OPCODE_RETURN ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 25)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 26)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 27)) != 0
+		)
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: failed to produce the expected routine code, ast: PASS\n" TOY_CC_RESET);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		//cleanup
+		TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+	}
+
+	//rerun the test with a more complex ast, derived from a snippet of source
+	{
+		//setup
+		const char* source = ";"; //interestingly, different ASTs will produce the same output
+		Toy_Lexer lexer;
+		Toy_Parser parser;
+
+		Toy_bindLexer(&lexer, source);
+		Toy_bindParser(&parser, &lexer);
+		Toy_Ast* ast = Toy_scanParser(&bucket, &parser);
+
+		//run
+		void* buffer = Toy_compileRoutine(ast);
+		int len = ((int*)buffer)[0];
+
+		//check header
+		int* ptr = (int*)buffer;
+
+		if ((ptr++)[0] != 28 || //total size
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //param count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //jump count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //data count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0) //subs count
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: failed to produce the expected routine header, source: %s\n" TOY_CC_RESET, source);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		//check code
+		if (*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 24)) != TOY_OPCODE_RETURN ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 25)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 26)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 27)) != 0
+		)
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: failed to produce the expected routine code, source: %s\n" TOY_CC_RESET, source);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		//cleanup
+		TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+	}
+
+	//produce a null value
+	{
+		//setup
+		const char* source = "null;";
+		Toy_Lexer lexer;
+		Toy_Parser parser;
+
+		Toy_bindLexer(&lexer, source);
+		Toy_bindParser(&parser, &lexer);
+		Toy_Ast* ast = Toy_scanParser(&bucket, &parser);
+
+		//run
+		void* buffer = Toy_compileRoutine(ast);
+		int len = ((int*)buffer)[0];
+
+		//check header
+		int* ptr = (int*)buffer;
+
+		if ((ptr++)[0] != 32 || //total size
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //param count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //jump count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //data count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0) //subs count
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: failed to produce the expected routine header, source: %s\n" TOY_CC_RESET, source);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		//check code
+		if (*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 24)) != TOY_OPCODE_READ ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 25)) != TOY_VALUE_NULL ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 26)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 27)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 28)) != TOY_OPCODE_RETURN ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 29)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 30)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 31)) != 0
+		)
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: failed to produce the expected routine code, source: %s\n" TOY_CC_RESET, source);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		//cleanup
+		TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+	}
+
+	//produce a boolean value
+	{
+		//setup
+		const char* source = "true;";
+		Toy_Lexer lexer;
+		Toy_Parser parser;
+
+		Toy_bindLexer(&lexer, source);
+		Toy_bindParser(&parser, &lexer);
+		Toy_Ast* ast = Toy_scanParser(&bucket, &parser);
+
+		//run
+		void* buffer = Toy_compileRoutine(ast);
+		int len = ((int*)buffer)[0];
+
+		//check header
+		int* ptr = (int*)buffer;
+
+		if ((ptr++)[0] != 32 || //total size
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //param count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //jump count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //data count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0) //subs count
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: failed to produce the expected routine header, source: %s\n" TOY_CC_RESET, source);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		//check code
+		if (*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 24)) != TOY_OPCODE_READ ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 25)) != TOY_VALUE_BOOLEAN ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 26)) != 1 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 27)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 28)) != TOY_OPCODE_RETURN ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 29)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 30)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 31)) != 0
+		)
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: failed to produce the expected routine code, source: %s\n" TOY_CC_RESET, source);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		//cleanup
+		TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+	}
+
+	//produce an integer value
+	{
+		//setup
+		const char* source = "42;";
+		Toy_Lexer lexer;
+		Toy_Parser parser;
+
+		Toy_bindLexer(&lexer, source);
+		Toy_bindParser(&parser, &lexer);
+		Toy_Ast* ast = Toy_scanParser(&bucket, &parser);
+
+		//run
+		void* buffer = Toy_compileRoutine(ast);
+		int len = ((int*)buffer)[0];
+
+		//check header
+		int* ptr = (int*)buffer;
+
+		if ((ptr++)[0] != 36 || //total size
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //param count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //jump count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //data count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0) //subs count
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: failed to produce the expected routine header, source: %s\n" TOY_CC_RESET, source);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		//check code
+		if (*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 24)) != TOY_OPCODE_READ ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 25)) != TOY_VALUE_INTEGER ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 26)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 27)) != 0 ||
+			*(int*)(buffer + 28) != 42 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 32)) != TOY_OPCODE_RETURN ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 23)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 34)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 35)) != 0
+		)
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: failed to produce the expected routine code, source: %s\n" TOY_CC_RESET, source);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		//cleanup
+		TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+	}
+
+	//produce a float value
+	{
+		//setup
+		const char* source = "3.1415;";
+		Toy_Lexer lexer;
+		Toy_Parser parser;
+
+		Toy_bindLexer(&lexer, source);
+		Toy_bindParser(&parser, &lexer);
+		Toy_Ast* ast = Toy_scanParser(&bucket, &parser);
+
+		//run
+		void* buffer = Toy_compileRoutine(ast);
+		int len = ((int*)buffer)[0];
+
+		//check header
+		int* ptr = (int*)buffer;
+
+		if ((ptr++)[0] != 36 || //total size
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //param count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //jump count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //data count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0) //subs count
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: failed to produce the expected routine header, source: %s\n" TOY_CC_RESET, source);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		//check code
+		if (*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 24)) != TOY_OPCODE_READ ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 25)) != TOY_VALUE_FLOAT ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 26)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 27)) != 0 ||
+			*(float*)(buffer + 28) != 3.1415f ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 32)) != TOY_OPCODE_RETURN ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 23)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 34)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 35)) != 0
+		)
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: failed to produce the expected routine code, source: %s\n" TOY_CC_RESET, source);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		//cleanup
+		TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+// int test_routine_unary(Toy_Bucket* bucket) {
+// 	//TODO: Nothing produces a unary instruction yet
+// }
+
+int test_routine_binary(Toy_Bucket* bucket) {
+	//produce a simple algorithm
+	{
+		//setup
+		const char* source = "3 + 5;";
+		Toy_Lexer lexer;
+		Toy_Parser parser;
+
+		Toy_bindLexer(&lexer, source);
+		Toy_bindParser(&parser, &lexer);
+		Toy_Ast* ast = Toy_scanParser(&bucket, &parser);
+
+		//run
+		void* buffer = Toy_compileRoutine(ast);
+		int len = ((int*)buffer)[0];
+
+		//check header
+		int* ptr = (int*)buffer;
+
+		if ((ptr++)[0] != 48 || //total size
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //param count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //jump count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //data count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0) //subs count
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: failed to produce the expected routine header, source: %s\n" TOY_CC_RESET, source);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		//check code
+		if (*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 24)) != TOY_OPCODE_READ ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 25)) != TOY_VALUE_INTEGER ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 26)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 27)) != 0 ||
+			*(int*)(buffer + 28) != 3 ||
+
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 32)) != TOY_OPCODE_READ ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 33)) != TOY_VALUE_INTEGER ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 34)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 35)) != 0 ||
+			*(int*)(buffer + 36) != 5 ||
+
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 40)) != TOY_OPCODE_ADD ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 41)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 42)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 43)) != 0 ||
+
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 44)) != TOY_OPCODE_RETURN ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 45)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 46)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 47)) != 0
+		)
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: failed to produce the expected routine code, source: %s\n" TOY_CC_RESET, source);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		//cleanup
+		TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+	}
+
+	//produce a simple comparison
+	{
+		//setup
+		const char* source = "3 == 5;";
+		Toy_Lexer lexer;
+		Toy_Parser parser;
+
+		Toy_bindLexer(&lexer, source);
+		Toy_bindParser(&parser, &lexer);
+		Toy_Ast* ast = Toy_scanParser(&bucket, &parser);
+
+		//run
+		void* buffer = Toy_compileRoutine(ast);
+		int len = ((int*)buffer)[0];
+
+		//check header
+		int* ptr = (int*)buffer;
+
+		if ((ptr++)[0] != 48 || //total size
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //param count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //jump count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //data count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0) //subs count
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: failed to produce the expected routine header, source: %s\n" TOY_CC_RESET, source);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		//check code
+		if (*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 24)) != TOY_OPCODE_READ ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 25)) != TOY_VALUE_INTEGER ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 26)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 27)) != 0 ||
+			*(int*)(buffer + 28) != 3 ||
+
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 32)) != TOY_OPCODE_READ ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 33)) != TOY_VALUE_INTEGER ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 34)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 35)) != 0 ||
+			*(int*)(buffer + 36) != 5 ||
+
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 40)) != TOY_OPCODE_COMPARE_EQUAL ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 41)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 42)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 43)) != 0 ||
+
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 44)) != TOY_OPCODE_RETURN ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 45)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 46)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 47)) != 0
+		)
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: failed to produce the expected routine code, source: %s\n" TOY_CC_RESET, source);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		//cleanup
+		TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+	}
+
+	//produce a simple comparison
+	{
+		//setup
+		const char* source = "3 != 5;";
+		Toy_Lexer lexer;
+		Toy_Parser parser;
+
+		Toy_bindLexer(&lexer, source);
+		Toy_bindParser(&parser, &lexer);
+		Toy_Ast* ast = Toy_scanParser(&bucket, &parser);
+
+		//run
+		void* buffer = Toy_compileRoutine(ast);
+		int len = ((int*)buffer)[0];
+
+		//check header
+		int* ptr = (int*)buffer;
+
+		if ((ptr++)[0] != 52 || //total size
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //param count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //jump count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //data count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0) //subs count
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: failed to produce the expected routine header, source: %s\n" TOY_CC_RESET, source);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		//check code
+		if (*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 24)) != TOY_OPCODE_READ ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 25)) != TOY_VALUE_INTEGER ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 26)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 27)) != 0 ||
+			*(int*)(buffer + 28) != 3 ||
+
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 32)) != TOY_OPCODE_READ ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 33)) != TOY_VALUE_INTEGER ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 34)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 35)) != 0 ||
+			*(int*)(buffer + 36) != 5 ||
+
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 40)) != TOY_OPCODE_COMPARE_EQUAL ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 41)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 42)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 43)) != 0 ||
+
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 44)) != TOY_OPCODE_NEGATE ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 45)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 46)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 47)) != 0 ||
+
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 48)) != TOY_OPCODE_RETURN ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 49)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 50)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 51)) != 0
+		)
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: failed to produce the expected routine code, source: %s\n" TOY_CC_RESET, source);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		//cleanup
+		TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+	}
+
+	//produce a more complex algorithm
+	{
+		//setup
+		const char* source = "(1 + 2) * (3 + 4);";
+		Toy_Lexer lexer;
+		Toy_Parser parser;
+
+		Toy_bindLexer(&lexer, source);
+		Toy_bindParser(&parser, &lexer);
+		Toy_Ast* ast = Toy_scanParser(&bucket, &parser);
+
+		//run
+		void* buffer = Toy_compileRoutine(ast);
+		int len = ((int*)buffer)[0];
+
+		//check header
+		int* ptr = (int*)buffer;
+
+		if ((ptr++)[0] != 72 || //total size
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //param count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //jump count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0 || //data count
+			(ptr++)[0] != 0) //subs count
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: failed to produce the expected routine header, source: %s\n" TOY_CC_RESET, source);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		//check code
+		if (
+			//left hand side
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 24)) != TOY_OPCODE_READ ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 25)) != TOY_VALUE_INTEGER ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 26)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 27)) != 0 ||
+			*(int*)(buffer + 28) != 1 ||
+
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 32)) != TOY_OPCODE_READ ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 33)) != TOY_VALUE_INTEGER ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 34)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 35)) != 0 ||
+			*(int*)(buffer + 36) != 2 ||
+
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 40)) != TOY_OPCODE_ADD ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 41)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 42)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 43)) != 0 ||
+
+			//right hand side
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 44)) != TOY_OPCODE_READ ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 45)) != TOY_VALUE_INTEGER ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 46)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 47)) != 0 ||
+			*(int*)(buffer + 48) != 3 ||
+
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 52)) != TOY_OPCODE_READ ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 53)) != TOY_VALUE_INTEGER ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 54)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 55)) != 0 ||
+			*(int*)(buffer + 56) != 4 ||
+
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 60)) != TOY_OPCODE_ADD ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 61)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 62)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 63)) != 0 ||
+
+			//multiply the two values
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 64)) != TOY_OPCODE_MULTIPLY ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 65)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 66)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 67)) != 0 ||
+
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 68)) != TOY_OPCODE_RETURN ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 69)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 70)) != 0 ||
+			*((unsigned char*)(buffer + 71)) != 0
+		)
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_ERROR "ERROR: failed to produce the expected routine code, source: %s\n" TOY_CC_RESET, source);
+
+			//cleanup and return
+			TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
+			return -1;
+		}
 
 		//cleanup
 		TOY_FREE_ARRAY(unsigned char, buffer, len);
@@ -27,15 +624,24 @@ int test_routine_header(Toy_Bucket* bucket) {
 }
 
 int main() {
-	fprintf(stderr, TOY_CC_WARN "WARNING: Routine tests incomplete\n" TOY_CC_RESET);
-
 	//run each test set, returning the total errors given
 	int total = 0, res = 0;
 
 	{
 		Toy_Bucket* bucket = NULL;
 		TOY_BUCKET_INIT(Toy_Ast, bucket, 32);
-		res = test_routine_header(bucket);
+		res = test_routine_header_and_values(bucket);
+		TOY_BUCKET_FREE(bucket);
+		if (res == 0) {
+			printf(TOY_CC_NOTICE "All good\n" TOY_CC_RESET);
+		}
+		total += res;
+	}
+
+	{
+		Toy_Bucket* bucket = NULL;
+		TOY_BUCKET_INIT(Toy_Ast, bucket, 32);
+		res = test_routine_binary(bucket);
 		TOY_BUCKET_FREE(bucket);
 		if (res == 0) {
 			printf(TOY_CC_NOTICE "All good\n" TOY_CC_RESET);